<p>We study the delay differential equation <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x'(t) = a [x(t) - x(t - 1)] - g(x(t - \tau )) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> where <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a&gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau &gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g:\mathbb {R}\ni u\mapsto u |u|^\kappa \in \mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo>∋</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>↦</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>κ</mi> </msup> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\kappa &gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>κ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This equation is a modification of the Brunovský–Erdélyi–Walther price model by incorporating a reaction delay <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau &gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. For any <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a&gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\kappa &gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>κ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, by the Kaplan–Yorke method and the homogeneity of the nonlinear function <i>g</i>, we find a countable and dense set of delays <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>τ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((0,\infty )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for which there exists a periodic solution. A consequence is that global asymptotic stability of the zero solution cannot be expected if <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a\in (0,1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, in contrast to the case <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau =0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. For <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a\in (0,1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau \in (0,1]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, an <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(R_1&gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is constructed such that 0 attracts the ball of radius <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(R_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with center at 0. Local asymptotic stability of the zero solution follows as well. It is also shown that, for any <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a\in (0,1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the region of attraction of 0 tends to the whole phase space <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C([-1,0],\mathbb {R})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau \rightarrow 0^+.\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mn>0</mn> <mo>+</mo> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation></p>

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Periodicity and Stability in a Price Model with Two Delays

  • Thi Thuy Hoang,
  • Tibor Krisztin

摘要

We study the delay differential equation \(x'(t) = a [x(t) - x(t - 1)] - g(x(t - \tau )) \) x ( t ) = a [ x ( t ) - x ( t - 1 ) ] - g ( x ( t - τ ) ) where \(a>0\) a > 0 , \(\tau >0\) τ > 0 , and \(g:\mathbb {R}\ni u\mapsto u |u|^\kappa \in \mathbb {R}\) g : R u u | u | κ R with \(\kappa >0\) κ > 0 . This equation is a modification of the Brunovský–Erdélyi–Walther price model by incorporating a reaction delay \(\tau >0\) τ > 0 . For any \(a>0\) a > 0 and \(\kappa >0\) κ > 0 , by the Kaplan–Yorke method and the homogeneity of the nonlinear function g, we find a countable and dense set of delays \(\tau \) τ in \((0,\infty )\) ( 0 , ) for which there exists a periodic solution. A consequence is that global asymptotic stability of the zero solution cannot be expected if \(a\in (0,1)\) a ( 0 , 1 ) , in contrast to the case \(\tau =0\) τ = 0 . For \(a\in (0,1)\) a ( 0 , 1 ) and \(\tau \in (0,1]\) τ ( 0 , 1 ] , an \(R_1>0\) R 1 > 0 is constructed such that 0 attracts the ball of radius \(R_1\) R 1 with center at 0. Local asymptotic stability of the zero solution follows as well. It is also shown that, for any \(a\in (0,1)\) a ( 0 , 1 ) , the region of attraction of 0 tends to the whole phase space \(C([-1,0],\mathbb {R})\) C ( [ - 1 , 0 ] , R ) as \(\tau \rightarrow 0^+.\) τ 0 + .