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<p>Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and insulin dysregulation. This disease is associated with morbidity and mortality, including significant potential vascular complications. High levels of hyperglycemia lead to not only elevated levels of reactive oxygen species but also advanced glycation end products, which are detrimental to the vascular endothelium and reduce protective compounds such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin. This damage contributes to the development of both macrovascular and microvascular complications. The present investigation explores the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic vascular complications and evaluates current management strategies, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatments, and emerging therapies. The review underscores the importance of ongoing progress in diabetes management and patient education to lead to optimal patient-health outcomes and quality of life for individuals with diabetes mellitus.</p>

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Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Vascular Disease: Pathogenesis, Complications, and Evolving Treatments

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月19日

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  • Kazi Islam,
  • Rahib Islam,
  • Ivan Nguyen,
  • Hassan Malik,
  • Humza Pirzadah,
  • Barsha Shrestha,
  • Isabella B. Lentz,
  • Sahar Shekoohi,
  • Alan D. Kaye

摘要

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and insulin dysregulation. This disease is associated with morbidity and mortality, including significant potential vascular complications. High levels of hyperglycemia lead to not only elevated levels of reactive oxygen species but also advanced glycation end products, which are detrimental to the vascular endothelium and reduce protective compounds such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin. This damage contributes to the development of both macrovascular and microvascular complications. The present investigation explores the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic vascular complications and evaluates current management strategies, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatments, and emerging therapies. The review underscores the importance of ongoing progress in diabetes management and patient education to lead to optimal patient-health outcomes and quality of life for individuals with diabetes mellitus.