Jakob von Uexküll, Heterophenomenology, and Behavior Systems I: Core Ethology and Merleau-Ponty

Jakob von Uexküll developed his core ideas on Umwelt, inner world, counter world, and the functional circle over 100 years ago. While they influenced the early ethologists and phenomenologists, the full import of his ideas were either not recognized or were ignored for various reasons. In the case of ethology, proponents such as Nikolaas Tinbergen were under the sway of behaviorism and the denial that the experiential worlds of animals could be studied objectively with the tools of science. The role of salient sensory cues in serving as signs in the performance of instinctive behaviors and conditioning was accepted, and it is now evident that such studies actually provide a window to the ‘private experiences’ of other species. In this somewhat autobiographical paper I discuss how the early writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, prior to reading von Uexküll, compared to his views and those of contemporary ethologists and comparative psychologists. I conclude that all phenomenology is actually heterophenomenology, and that phenomenologists need to have more personal experience studying animal behavior and incorporate a critical anthropomorphism in resolving discrepancies and contradictions concerning the mental lives of species. This paper begins an attempt to use Umwelt theory and the functional circle as an effective scaffolding for integrating the behavioral sciences, including philosophy, across species. Interacting functional circles and Umwelten are essential for understanding social behavior. Interspecific animal play is introduced as a challenging and important topic for biosemioticians and phenomenologists to explore.