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<p>The Bangkok metropolitan area has experienced land subsidence in the past, primarily associated with groundwater overextraction. Following the implementation of groundwater management policies, subsidence rates have decreased, and several studies have reported localized uplift in some areas. However, studies that examine the long-term spatiotemporal evolution of surface deformation remain limited. This study analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of land surface deformation in the BMA using multi-temporal InSAR observations derived from ALOS PALSAR (2007–2010) and Sentinel-1 (2014–2024). Time-series InSAR processing was performed to estimate surface displacement, and the results were validated using independent GNSS measurements. Groundwater level data were further incorporated to examine their temporal relationship with surface deformation. The results show that during 2007–2010, surface uplift of + 0.5&#xa0;cm/year occurred in central Bangkok, and the deformation pattern changes from uplift to subsidence with increasing distance from central Bangkok. The later period (2014–2024) is characterized by weak but persistent subsidence across most of the study area, with an average rate of − 0.3&#xa0;cm/year. During the period 2007–2010, groundwater levels increased at a rate of approximately + 1.2&#xa0;m/year, accompanied by surface uplift. Despite gradual increases in groundwater levels, subsidence continued during the later period, indicating that groundwater recovery does not necessarily lead to surface uplift. This behavior suggests that surface deformation is influenced not only by groundwater level changes but also by additional processes, such as delayed consolidation of compressible aquitards and irreversible compaction. By integrating multi-sensor InSAR datasets, this study extends the observation period and enables the comparison of deformation characteristics across different time intervals. The results highlight the importance of long-term monitoring for understanding deformation trends and could provide useful information for future subsidence assessment and groundwater management in similar environments.</p>

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Long-term spatiotemporal analysis of land surface deformation using multi-sensor InSAR in the Bangkok metropolitan area, Thailand

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Gwangwoo Oh,
  • Sooyeon Han,
  • Yu-Chul Park,
  • Chang-Wook Lee

摘要

The Bangkok metropolitan area has experienced land subsidence in the past, primarily associated with groundwater overextraction. Following the implementation of groundwater management policies, subsidence rates have decreased, and several studies have reported localized uplift in some areas. However, studies that examine the long-term spatiotemporal evolution of surface deformation remain limited. This study analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of land surface deformation in the BMA using multi-temporal InSAR observations derived from ALOS PALSAR (2007–2010) and Sentinel-1 (2014–2024). Time-series InSAR processing was performed to estimate surface displacement, and the results were validated using independent GNSS measurements. Groundwater level data were further incorporated to examine their temporal relationship with surface deformation. The results show that during 2007–2010, surface uplift of + 0.5 cm/year occurred in central Bangkok, and the deformation pattern changes from uplift to subsidence with increasing distance from central Bangkok. The later period (2014–2024) is characterized by weak but persistent subsidence across most of the study area, with an average rate of − 0.3 cm/year. During the period 2007–2010, groundwater levels increased at a rate of approximately + 1.2 m/year, accompanied by surface uplift. Despite gradual increases in groundwater levels, subsidence continued during the later period, indicating that groundwater recovery does not necessarily lead to surface uplift. This behavior suggests that surface deformation is influenced not only by groundwater level changes but also by additional processes, such as delayed consolidation of compressible aquitards and irreversible compaction. By integrating multi-sensor InSAR datasets, this study extends the observation period and enables the comparison of deformation characteristics across different time intervals. The results highlight the importance of long-term monitoring for understanding deformation trends and could provide useful information for future subsidence assessment and groundwater management in similar environments.