<p>A newly discovered large-scale granite porphyry type Nb-rich Nb-Ta deposit in the Daping area, Fujian, China, is primarily hosted by columbite minerals. Currently, there are limited reports on the enrichment mechanisms and metallogenic potential of this new type of granite porphyry Nb-Ta deposit, and the factors controlling the differential enrichment of Nb and Ta remain unclear. Based on petrographic observations, this study employs techniques such as EPMA and LA-ICP-MS to analyze the mineralogical textures and compositions of feldspar, mica, Nb-Ta minerals, and other accessory minerals in the Daping granite porphyry. Integrating previous research findings, this work aims to investigate the enrichment and differentiation mechanisms of metallogenic elements in this new type of Nb-Ta deposit. The albite in the Daping granite porphyry often forms “snowball texture” with quartz. Mica commonly exhibits a porous texture and displays an evolutionary sequence of muscovite-phengite-Li phengite-zinnwaldite-Li-Fe micas, indicating a progressive enrichment in Li. Columbite exhibits zoning patterns, with Nb-rich cores and Ta-rich rims. The margins of the grains are subrounded to irregular, suggesting that the parental magma of the Daping granite porphyry underwent a highly fractionated evolution process accompanied by hydrothermal alteration. The Nb-Ta mineralization is associated with an F- and Li-rich magmatic-hydrothermal system, although highly fractionated magmatic evolution is the dominant controlling factor. Furthermore, the vertical zonation of Nb and Ta in the study area may be related to the constitutional zone refining model process in the F-Li-rich system. This model involves the formation of a low-viscosity, low-density boundary layer melt, enriched in incompatible elements, which effectively separated from the remaining melt and crystal, and migrated upward to form the ore deposit.</p>