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<p>Groundwater inflow poses significant challenges during tunnel construction, especially in areas with weak strata and elevated hydraulic pressures. This study evaluates the performance of three natural crushed rock filters with varying sizes as filtration media in deep wells for groundwater control. Laboratory tests were conducted using cylindrical transparent cells, filled with rock filter layers and in situ soil, under constant water pressure to measure outflow rates and assess filtration efficiency. The outcomes guided the construction phase decision-making. The findings showed that the mean size of the rock filters had a significant effect on outflow rates. Test 1, with the largest filter size (8.59&#xa0;mm), showed a maximum outflow rate of 65.3&#xa0;ml/min but experienced significant mobilization of fines, leading to cavitation near the filter-soil interface. Test 2, with a filter size of 3.28&#xa0;mm, performed well, achieving the highest maximum outflow rate of 67.1&#xa0;ml/min. Test 3, with the smallest filter size (1.48&#xa0;mm), restricted outflow and yielded a maximum outflow rate of 44.7&#xa0;ml/min. Outflow rate reductions were linked to the interaction between filter size and the movement of fine particles from the in situ soil. In addition, X-ray CT scans showed that the porosity of the filter section in Test 3 decreased from 48.06 to 45.84% after saturation, indicating rock particle mobilization and re-settling. Test 2 proved to be the most effective filter option, though additional measures, such as air injection, may be required to mitigate long-term reductions in outflow. These results provide critical insights into groundwater management during tunneling.</p>

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Performance evaluation of natural crushed rock filters in deep wells for groundwater control during tunnel construction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月3日

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  • Melvin B. Diaz,
  • Keun Bae Ryu,
  • Taehwan Kim,
  • Kwang Yeom Kim

摘要

Groundwater inflow poses significant challenges during tunnel construction, especially in areas with weak strata and elevated hydraulic pressures. This study evaluates the performance of three natural crushed rock filters with varying sizes as filtration media in deep wells for groundwater control. Laboratory tests were conducted using cylindrical transparent cells, filled with rock filter layers and in situ soil, under constant water pressure to measure outflow rates and assess filtration efficiency. The outcomes guided the construction phase decision-making. The findings showed that the mean size of the rock filters had a significant effect on outflow rates. Test 1, with the largest filter size (8.59 mm), showed a maximum outflow rate of 65.3 ml/min but experienced significant mobilization of fines, leading to cavitation near the filter-soil interface. Test 2, with a filter size of 3.28 mm, performed well, achieving the highest maximum outflow rate of 67.1 ml/min. Test 3, with the smallest filter size (1.48 mm), restricted outflow and yielded a maximum outflow rate of 44.7 ml/min. Outflow rate reductions were linked to the interaction between filter size and the movement of fine particles from the in situ soil. In addition, X-ray CT scans showed that the porosity of the filter section in Test 3 decreased from 48.06 to 45.84% after saturation, indicating rock particle mobilization and re-settling. Test 2 proved to be the most effective filter option, though additional measures, such as air injection, may be required to mitigate long-term reductions in outflow. These results provide critical insights into groundwater management during tunneling.