Impact of Chronic Wood Smoke Exposure on Haematological and Antioxidant Parameters in Biomass-Using Tribal Women of Eastern India
摘要
Household air pollution from biomass fuel combustion remains a major contributor to morbidity among rural populations, particularly women who are routinely exposed during cooking. Chronic inhalation of biomass smoke can induce oxidative stress and disrupt essential haematological functions. This study aimed to quantify indoor PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ concentrations generated during fuelwood cooking and to evaluate associated oxidative stress and haematological alterations among tribal women in eastern India. Particulate matter levels were measured in kitchens using biomass fuel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Blood samples were analysed for haemoglobin, platelet count, red and white blood cells, antioxidant enzyme activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Results revealed that the 25th and 75th percentile levels of PM10 in BMF users were 906.25 µg/m3 and 1172.92 µg/m3, respectively, as compared to 98.54 µg/m3 and 338.54 µg/m3 in LPG users during the cooking time. The 25th and 75th percentile levels of PM2.5 in LPG users were 729.17 µg/m3 and 872.92 µg/m3, respectively, as compared to 62.50 µg/m3 and 192.71 µg/m3 in LPG users during the cooking period in the kitchen. After adjusting for confounders, PM exposure was positively associated with platelet count and WBC, and negatively associated with haemoglobin. Biomass users also exhibited reduced antioxidant activity and increased MDA, indicating heightened oxidative stress. These findings demonstrate that reliance on wood for cooking significantly compromises women’s physiological health. The results underscore the urgent need for cleaner household energy solutions and targeted health interventions to reduce exposure and its long-term health risks among vulnerable tribal communities.