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<p>This study examined the prevalence of low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) and its associations with biochemical and demographic factors among 409 healthy adults from four regions of the Dhaka division, Bangladesh. Demographic and clinical information was recorded, and fasting blood samples were collected for lipid profiling. The overall median HDL-c level was 34.0&#xa0;mg/dL, with significantly higher levels in females (37.1&#xa0;mg/dL) than in males (31.6&#xa0;mg/dL, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Low HDL-c (&lt; 40&#xa0;mg/dL for males and &lt; 50&#xa0;mg/dL for females), was the most common lipid abnormality (91.9%) and a hallmark of dyslipidemia (94.4%). Other abnormalities included elevated triglycerides (TG) (34.0%), total cholesterol (TC) (21.0%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (8.8%). Gender-specific patterns were observed: males more frequently exhibited elevated TG (40.2% vs. 26.8%, <i>p</i> = 0.005), whereas females had higher LDL-c (12.6% vs. 5.5%, <i>p</i> = 0.013) and ApoA1 levels (62.6% vs. 50.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.012). In gender-based comparisons, males with HDL-c below the median (&lt; 31.6&#xa0;mg/dL) showed higher TG (156 vs. 114&#xa0;mg/dL, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and BMI (24.65 vs. 23.05&#xa0;kg/m², <i>p</i> = 0.002) with lower ApoA1 (108 vs. 132&#xa0;mg/dL, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), whereas females with lower HDL-c (&lt; 37.1&#xa0;mg/dL) had lower TC (159 vs. 178&#xa0;mg/dL, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), LDL-c (102 vs. 114&#xa0;mg/dL, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and ApoA1 (123 vs. 148&#xa0;mg/dL, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) along with higher TG (128 vs. 103&#xa0;mg/dL, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Logistic regression analysis identified increased TG and decreased ApoA1 as significant predictors of lower HDL-c across both genders. These findings underscore the high burden of low HDL-c in Bangladesh and its association with adverse lipid profiles that may elevate cardiovascular risk.</p>

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Prevalence of Low HDL Cholesterol and Its Associated Factors Among Healthy Individuals in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study on Dyslipidemia and Cardiometabolic Risk

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月9日

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  • Muhammad Saiedullah,
  • Zimam Mahmud,
  • Md. Omar Faruque,
  • Sonia Tamanna,
  • Md. Zahid Hassan,
  • Md. Zakir Hossain Howlader

摘要

This study examined the prevalence of low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) and its associations with biochemical and demographic factors among 409 healthy adults from four regions of the Dhaka division, Bangladesh. Demographic and clinical information was recorded, and fasting blood samples were collected for lipid profiling. The overall median HDL-c level was 34.0 mg/dL, with significantly higher levels in females (37.1 mg/dL) than in males (31.6 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Low HDL-c (< 40 mg/dL for males and < 50 mg/dL for females), was the most common lipid abnormality (91.9%) and a hallmark of dyslipidemia (94.4%). Other abnormalities included elevated triglycerides (TG) (34.0%), total cholesterol (TC) (21.0%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (8.8%). Gender-specific patterns were observed: males more frequently exhibited elevated TG (40.2% vs. 26.8%, p = 0.005), whereas females had higher LDL-c (12.6% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.013) and ApoA1 levels (62.6% vs. 50.2%, p = 0.012). In gender-based comparisons, males with HDL-c below the median (< 31.6 mg/dL) showed higher TG (156 vs. 114 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and BMI (24.65 vs. 23.05 kg/m², p = 0.002) with lower ApoA1 (108 vs. 132 mg/dL, p < 0.001), whereas females with lower HDL-c (< 37.1 mg/dL) had lower TC (159 vs. 178 mg/dL, p < 0.001), LDL-c (102 vs. 114 mg/dL, p < 0.001), and ApoA1 (123 vs. 148 mg/dL, p < 0.001) along with higher TG (128 vs. 103 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis identified increased TG and decreased ApoA1 as significant predictors of lower HDL-c across both genders. These findings underscore the high burden of low HDL-c in Bangladesh and its association with adverse lipid profiles that may elevate cardiovascular risk.