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<p>In this study, a 100-mm-thick deposit was fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing on a forged Z2CN19-10 steel substrate using the cold metal transfer plus pulse process and an AM-304L filler wire with a nominal nitrogen content of 0.10 wt.%. This approach produced an additively manufactured material with an actual nitrogen content of 0.09 wt.%, comparable to that of Z2CN19-10 steel. A systematic comparison was conducted between the forged Z2CN19-10 steel and the additively manufactured specimens after solution treatment at 1050 ℃ for 2&#xa0;h, focusing on differences in microstructure and phase constitution. In addition, mechanical properties in multiple orientations, including room-temperature and 350 ℃ tensile tests as well as room-temperature impact tests, were evaluated for the forged steel, the as-built additively manufactured samples, and the solution-treated additively manufactured samples. Comprehensive characterization was carried out using optical emission spectroscopy, optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy combined with electron backscatter diffraction for crystallographic orientation and grain boundary analysis, and transmission electron microscopy, together with thermodynamic calculations performed using the OpenCalphad software.The results indicate that the additively manufactured deposits exhibit pronounced microstructural anisotropy, with columnar grains dominating the vertical plane and a near-equiaxed morphology on the horizontal plane. In the as-built condition, repeated thermal cycling between 600 and 765 ℃ promotes localized precipitation of the metastable hard epsilon nitride phase, leading to chromium-depleted regions at grain boundaries and melt pool boundaries. These regions act as preferential sites for microcrack initiation, resulting in a significant reduction in toughness. Solution treatment at 1050 ℃ effectively dissolves the epsilon nitride phase and homogenizes the elemental distribution, thereby markedly improving both room-temperature and elevated-temperature ductility and impact toughness. The treatment also reduces the degree of three-dimensional mechanical anisotropy, enabling the additively manufactured material to meet the property benchmarks of forged Z2CN19-10 steel. These findings demonstrate the potential interchangeability between components produced by wire arc additive manufacturing and conventionally forged Z2CN19-10 products. Based on these results, processing and post-treatment guidelines for additively manufactured components produced with nitrogen-bearing filler wire are proposed to ensure service reliability and to mitigate the risks of epsilon nitride-induced embrittlement and degradation of corrosion resistance.</p>

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Cladding performance of CMT + P wire arc additive manufacturing using nitrogen-containing filler wire for producing Z2CN19-10-like stainless steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Ziqiao Zhong,
  • Tiancheng An,
  • Sergii Maksymov,
  • Olena Berdnikova

摘要

In this study, a 100-mm-thick deposit was fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing on a forged Z2CN19-10 steel substrate using the cold metal transfer plus pulse process and an AM-304L filler wire with a nominal nitrogen content of 0.10 wt.%. This approach produced an additively manufactured material with an actual nitrogen content of 0.09 wt.%, comparable to that of Z2CN19-10 steel. A systematic comparison was conducted between the forged Z2CN19-10 steel and the additively manufactured specimens after solution treatment at 1050 ℃ for 2 h, focusing on differences in microstructure and phase constitution. In addition, mechanical properties in multiple orientations, including room-temperature and 350 ℃ tensile tests as well as room-temperature impact tests, were evaluated for the forged steel, the as-built additively manufactured samples, and the solution-treated additively manufactured samples. Comprehensive characterization was carried out using optical emission spectroscopy, optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy combined with electron backscatter diffraction for crystallographic orientation and grain boundary analysis, and transmission electron microscopy, together with thermodynamic calculations performed using the OpenCalphad software.The results indicate that the additively manufactured deposits exhibit pronounced microstructural anisotropy, with columnar grains dominating the vertical plane and a near-equiaxed morphology on the horizontal plane. In the as-built condition, repeated thermal cycling between 600 and 765 ℃ promotes localized precipitation of the metastable hard epsilon nitride phase, leading to chromium-depleted regions at grain boundaries and melt pool boundaries. These regions act as preferential sites for microcrack initiation, resulting in a significant reduction in toughness. Solution treatment at 1050 ℃ effectively dissolves the epsilon nitride phase and homogenizes the elemental distribution, thereby markedly improving both room-temperature and elevated-temperature ductility and impact toughness. The treatment also reduces the degree of three-dimensional mechanical anisotropy, enabling the additively manufactured material to meet the property benchmarks of forged Z2CN19-10 steel. These findings demonstrate the potential interchangeability between components produced by wire arc additive manufacturing and conventionally forged Z2CN19-10 products. Based on these results, processing and post-treatment guidelines for additively manufactured components produced with nitrogen-bearing filler wire are proposed to ensure service reliability and to mitigate the risks of epsilon nitride-induced embrittlement and degradation of corrosion resistance.