Scholarlink

Purpose of Review <p><i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing severe pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, including those with HIV infection, organ transplantation, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Because the clinical manifestations of <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> pneumonia (PJP) are nonspecific and overlap with other pulmonary infections, timely diagnosis remains challenging. This review summarizes current evidence on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of PJP in both HIV and non-HIV populations.</p> Recent Findings <p>Advances in diagnostic tools, particularly polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serum (1,3)-β-D-glucan assays, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), have markedly improved sensitivity compared with conventional microscopic methods. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) remains the cornerstone of treatment and prophylaxis; however, drug intolerance and emerging resistance have led to the use of alternative regimens, including atovaquone, dapsone, clindamycin-primaquine, pentamidine, and investigational agents such as echinocandins. Adjunctive corticosteroids improve outcomes in HIV-infected patients with severe hypoxemia, while their benefit in non-HIV patients remains uncertain.</p> Summary <p>PJP continues to pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Integration of molecular diagnostics with clinical assessment and continued research into novel therapies are essential to improve outcomes.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia: How to Diagnose and Manage in HIV and Non-HIV Patients?

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

查看全文
  • Helal F. Hetta,
  • Hanan Alshareef,
  • Salwa Qasim Bukhari,
  • Zinab Alatawi,
  • Sarah A. Alotaibi,
  • Abdelazeem M. Algammal,
  • Eltayib Hassan Ahmad Mohamedosman,
  • El-Sayed Hemdan Eissa,
  • Ali M Atoom,
  • Yasmin N. Ramadan

摘要

Purpose of Review

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing severe pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, including those with HIV infection, organ transplantation, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Because the clinical manifestations of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) are nonspecific and overlap with other pulmonary infections, timely diagnosis remains challenging. This review summarizes current evidence on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of PJP in both HIV and non-HIV populations.

Recent Findings

Advances in diagnostic tools, particularly polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serum (1,3)-β-D-glucan assays, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), have markedly improved sensitivity compared with conventional microscopic methods. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) remains the cornerstone of treatment and prophylaxis; however, drug intolerance and emerging resistance have led to the use of alternative regimens, including atovaquone, dapsone, clindamycin-primaquine, pentamidine, and investigational agents such as echinocandins. Adjunctive corticosteroids improve outcomes in HIV-infected patients with severe hypoxemia, while their benefit in non-HIV patients remains uncertain.

Summary

PJP continues to pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Integration of molecular diagnostics with clinical assessment and continued research into novel therapies are essential to improve outcomes.