A Review of Healthcare-Associated Fungal Outbreaks in Children

The aim of this review is to examine healthcare-associated fungal outbreaks (HAFO) in children. Our primary objective is to dissect epidemiology and etiology aspects to contribute to the investigation, prevention, and control of HAFO in pediatric settings.

Latest studies have highlighted an increase in fungal infections among hospitalized children. These studies have revealed the involvement of environmental sources and cross-transmission through healthcare workers in the development of outbreaks. The diagnosis of fungal infections poses challenges, as does outbreak control due to non-routine surveillance and resistance of fungi to disinfectants and therapeutic drugs.

Recognition of risk factors, etiologic agents, diagnostic methods, and types of transmission that facilitate fungal infections in children is crucial to understand the importance of prompt outbreak investigation and control. Addressing research gaps in disinfection technologies and exploring the potential application of artificial intelligence on outbreak anticipation could aid in mitigating the impact of HAFO on pediatric populations.