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<p>Maintaining indoor air quality (IAQ) in dense university campuses is increasingly challenging due to urban densification and limited winter ventilation. This study proposes six climate-adaptive, health-oriented passive ventilation prototypes, combining three inlets (M1: underground pipes; M2: sunken square; M3: windcatcher) and two outlets (N1: negative pressure roof; N2: solar chimney). Using ANSYS Fluent 2024R2, CFD simulations were conducted in five representative high-density Chinese cities across major thermal zones, considering low-rise (T1) and high-rise (T2) urban forms. Results show that under winter closed-window conditions, the N1 configuration achieved higher health ventilation performance (HVP), reducing indoor CO<sub>2</sub> by 82.6%–86.0%, while N2 enhanced thermal gain and energy efficiency. Climate zone influenced performance more than urban form type, highlighting the need for climate-specific design strategies. Long-term evaluation under the SSP5-8.5 scenario indicated that recommended prototypes maintained higher HVP in warmer regions and greater stability under extreme conditions in colder regions. This study develops a health-oriented prototype combination design methodology that systematically integrates multiple passive strategies, accounts for climatic adaptability and urban morphology, and provides context-specific solutions to improve IAQ and promote respiratory health. The outcomes offer an expandable, replicable, and operational design method for designing health-focused buildings and guiding sustainable urban renewal in high-density environments.</p>

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Climate-adaptive and sustainability-driven passive design prototypes: Healthy natural ventilation strategies for university teaching buildings in high-density urban areas of China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Kailai Zhou,
  • Jiawei Leng,
  • Xin Zhou,
  • Kai Zhou,
  • Jining Zhao

摘要

Maintaining indoor air quality (IAQ) in dense university campuses is increasingly challenging due to urban densification and limited winter ventilation. This study proposes six climate-adaptive, health-oriented passive ventilation prototypes, combining three inlets (M1: underground pipes; M2: sunken square; M3: windcatcher) and two outlets (N1: negative pressure roof; N2: solar chimney). Using ANSYS Fluent 2024R2, CFD simulations were conducted in five representative high-density Chinese cities across major thermal zones, considering low-rise (T1) and high-rise (T2) urban forms. Results show that under winter closed-window conditions, the N1 configuration achieved higher health ventilation performance (HVP), reducing indoor CO2 by 82.6%–86.0%, while N2 enhanced thermal gain and energy efficiency. Climate zone influenced performance more than urban form type, highlighting the need for climate-specific design strategies. Long-term evaluation under the SSP5-8.5 scenario indicated that recommended prototypes maintained higher HVP in warmer regions and greater stability under extreme conditions in colder regions. This study develops a health-oriented prototype combination design methodology that systematically integrates multiple passive strategies, accounts for climatic adaptability and urban morphology, and provides context-specific solutions to improve IAQ and promote respiratory health. The outcomes offer an expandable, replicable, and operational design method for designing health-focused buildings and guiding sustainable urban renewal in high-density environments.