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<p>Healthcare delivery contributes substantially to greenhouse gas emissions, with operating rooms representing one of the most energy- and resource-intensive hospital environments. There isn’t much information about surgical carbon emissions from countries with low and middle incomes. This study aimed to estimate the carbon footprint of a tertiary-care surgical suite in India within a predefined measurement boundary and to identify major contributors to perioperative greenhouse gas emissions. A prospective observational assessment was conducted over one year in a highvolume surgical suite of hospital. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol was used to measure emissions in three areas: direct emissions from anesthetic gases, indirect emissions from energy use, and indirect emissions from surgical waste. We used calibrated power analysis to assess electricity use, gravimetrically to measure anesthetic gas use, and systematic weighing and segregation to check waste streams. The total annual carbon footprint of the surgical suite was approximately 1.47 million kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. Almost 98% of all emissions came from anesthetic gases, with nitrous oxide and desflurane being the main ones. Electricity use and surgical waste each made up around 1% of the total, with measured AHU/local ventilation electricity and plastic garbage being the biggest parts of both groups. Volatile anesthetic gases were dominant source of surgical carbon emissions. Targeted modifications in anesthetic practices offer the opportunity for immediate emission reduction, supported by complementary improvements in energy efficiency and waste management. This research offers a reproducible methodology for enduring surgical audits in healthcare systems with limited resources and replicable framework for surgical carbon auditing in resource-constrained settings.</p>

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Carbon Footprint of Surgical Care in an Indian Tertiary Hospital: A Boundary-Defined Scope 1–3 Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Varlamathangi Harshavardhan,
  • Cherring Tandup,
  • Lileswar Kaman,
  • Swapnesh Kumar Sahu,
  • Shibojit Talukder,
  • Jaimanti Bandhu Bakshi,
  • Satish Subbiah Nagaraj,
  • Anudeep Jafra,
  • Navneet Dhaliwal,
  • Naveen Pentakota

摘要

Healthcare delivery contributes substantially to greenhouse gas emissions, with operating rooms representing one of the most energy- and resource-intensive hospital environments. There isn’t much information about surgical carbon emissions from countries with low and middle incomes. This study aimed to estimate the carbon footprint of a tertiary-care surgical suite in India within a predefined measurement boundary and to identify major contributors to perioperative greenhouse gas emissions. A prospective observational assessment was conducted over one year in a highvolume surgical suite of hospital. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol was used to measure emissions in three areas: direct emissions from anesthetic gases, indirect emissions from energy use, and indirect emissions from surgical waste. We used calibrated power analysis to assess electricity use, gravimetrically to measure anesthetic gas use, and systematic weighing and segregation to check waste streams. The total annual carbon footprint of the surgical suite was approximately 1.47 million kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent. Almost 98% of all emissions came from anesthetic gases, with nitrous oxide and desflurane being the main ones. Electricity use and surgical waste each made up around 1% of the total, with measured AHU/local ventilation electricity and plastic garbage being the biggest parts of both groups. Volatile anesthetic gases were dominant source of surgical carbon emissions. Targeted modifications in anesthetic practices offer the opportunity for immediate emission reduction, supported by complementary improvements in energy efficiency and waste management. This research offers a reproducible methodology for enduring surgical audits in healthcare systems with limited resources and replicable framework for surgical carbon auditing in resource-constrained settings.