Reprogramming Spanlastic Nanocarriers Through Green Chemistry: From Biomembrane Mimicry to Eco-Pharmaceutical Translation

The spanlastic nanocarrier system uses its flexible vesicles to enhance drug delivery across biological barriers. The system operates through its original setup, which combines synthetic surfactants with energy-intensive techniques that produce environmental contamination while hindering sustainable practices. The study evaluates the spanlastic system reprogramming process, which applies green chemistry methods to create eco-friendly nanocarriers that imitate biomembrane structures. The article shows how traditional nanocarriers have developed into sustainable spanlastics, which use biodegradable surfactants and bio-derived edge activators together with methods that reduce solvent usage during production to create vesicles with specific drug delivery capabilities. The research studies different delivery methods that use pH changes, redox reactions, and enzyme activity and temperature shifts to achieve controlled drug release in response to particular physiological signals. The review presents advanced characterisation methods that scientists use to study green elastic vesicles through physicochemical analysis and vesicle architecture imaging, and through in vitro and ex vivo biomimetic functionality tests. The study shows how conventional nanocarriers differ from other systems by demonstrating stable performance that biodegrades and emits less harmful substances while delivering therapeutic benefits. The research identifies two types of translational barriers that exist within current research gaps before it proceeds to introduce two new research fields that involve hybrid biopolymer-based spanlastics and computational eco-formulation design for the creation of scalable, eco-friendly spanlastic nanocarriers that will be used in future eco-pharmaceutical nanomedicine.