Compared to traditional treatments, nanoparticles improve skin penetration and lower systemic toxicity by enhancing the chemotherapeutics targeted delivery to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma lesions. These systems make use of both active targeting through ligand functionalization for overexpressed receptors on cancer cells and passive targeting through increased permeability and retention effects. Preclinical research shows that they are effective at encapsulating medications such as aminolevulinic acid, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil for localized therapy of skin malignancies other than melanoma, such as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. This study details a sustainable process for the in situ manufacture of zinc nanoparticles using aqueous extract from Cassia obtusifolia leaves and its biological uses in the cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma management. Several analytical methods, including EDS, FT-IR, XRD, and FE-SEM, were used to assess the structural and physicochemical characteristics of this new material. The Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia spectrum revealed an absorption peak at around 483 cm− 1, which is suggestive of the Zn-O stretching band in magnetite nanoparticles. According to the elemental analysis of the nanoparticles, zinc makes up 77% of Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia, whereas oxygen makes up 23%. The Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia standard PDF Card (No. 01-080-3002) signals match the data of 31 (100), 35 (002), 37 (101), 47 (102), 57 (110), and 67 (311) rather well. The Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia crystal size was determined using the Debye equation, and the result was 30.85 nm. Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia and BHT had IC50 of 38 and 31 µg/mL, respectively, against DPPH in the antioxidant examination. The cytotoxicity and anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma potentials of Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia against various cancer cells (PM1, MET4, SCC IC1MET, and SCC IC19) were checked in situ. It’s interesting to note that, according to the MTT assay, the nano-drug could strongly resist those cell lines in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The purple formazan crystal that results from the reduction of the yellow-colored MTT solution is measured spectrophotometrically at 570 nm. It’s interesting to note that when concentrations or doses of the nano-formulated medication increased, the cell viability (%) of cancer cells decreased. The Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia equivalent IC50 values against PM1, MET4, SCC IC1MET, and SCC IC19 cells were 62, 45, 29, and 30 µg/mL, respectively. The current study shows that Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia has anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma capabilities, suggesting that they could be used as an anticancer supplement to prevent and treat a variety of malignancies.

Green Formulation of Zinc Nanoparticles by Cassia Obtusifolia Extract and Investigation of its Anti-Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Efficacies

期刊论文
发表日期：

2026年5月4日

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Zhongyuan Li

摘要

Compared to traditional treatments, nanoparticles improve skin penetration and lower systemic toxicity by enhancing the chemotherapeutics targeted delivery to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma lesions. These systems make use of both active targeting through ligand functionalization for overexpressed receptors on cancer cells and passive targeting through increased permeability and retention effects. Preclinical research shows that they are effective at encapsulating medications such as aminolevulinic acid, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil for localized therapy of skin malignancies other than melanoma, such as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. This study details a sustainable process for the in situ manufacture of zinc nanoparticles using aqueous extract from Cassia obtusifolia leaves and its biological uses in the cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma management. Several analytical methods, including EDS, FT-IR, XRD, and FE-SEM, were used to assess the structural and physicochemical characteristics of this new material. The Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia spectrum revealed an absorption peak at around 483 cm^− 1, which is suggestive of the Zn-O stretching band in magnetite nanoparticles. According to the elemental analysis of the nanoparticles, zinc makes up 77% of Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia, whereas oxygen makes up 23%. The Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia standard PDF Card (No. 01-080-3002) signals match the data of 31 (100), 35 (002), 37 (101), 47 (102), 57 (110), and 67 (311) rather well. The Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia crystal size was determined using the Debye equation, and the result was 30.85 nm. Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia and BHT had IC₅₀ of 38 and 31 µg/mL, respectively, against DPPH in the antioxidant examination. The cytotoxicity and anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma potentials of Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia against various cancer cells (PM1, MET4, SCC IC1MET, and SCC IC19) were checked in situ. It’s interesting to note that, according to the MTT assay, the nano-drug could strongly resist those cell lines in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The purple formazan crystal that results from the reduction of the yellow-colored MTT solution is measured spectrophotometrically at 570 nm. It’s interesting to note that when concentrations or doses of the nano-formulated medication increased, the cell viability (%) of cancer cells decreased. The Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia equivalent IC₅₀ values against PM1, MET4, SCC IC1MET, and SCC IC19 cells were 62, 45, 29, and 30 µg/mL, respectively. The current study shows that Zn NPs@Cassia Obtusifolia has anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma capabilities, suggesting that they could be used as an anticancer supplement to prevent and treat a variety of malignancies.