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Purpose <p>The growing demand for alternative and innovation-driven screening methodologies in pharmaceutical and cosmetic research has stimulated the development of complementary physicochemical and biological evaluation platforms. This study explored an ATR-FTIR–based screening strategy using Strat-M<sup>®</sup> synthetic membranes and an invertebrate oxidative stress model based on <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> larvae. </p> Methods <p>Semisolid formulations containing spray-dried NC-HT-TiO₂ or NC-TiO₂ were incorporated into a gel-cream base and applied to Strat-M<sup>®</sup> membranes, followed by ATR-FTIR spectral analysis to assess formulation–membrane interactions and infrared attenuation profiles. </p> Results <p>Formulations G3 and G6 demonstrated the greatest reduction in transmittance (approximately 30–40% and 25–30%, respectively), compared to 60–65% for the vehicle. In parallel, <i>T. molitor</i> larvae were exposed to bioactive compounds (farnesol, hesperetin, and silibinin) prior to H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, and hemolymph samples were analyzed by ATR-FTIR to evaluate changes in the O–H stretching region (3200–3600&#xa0;cm⁻¹). Concentration-dependent spectral variations were observed, particularly for hesperetin and silibinin, consistent with oxidative stress–associated molecular alterations.</p> Conclusion <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to combine Strat-M<sup>®</sup>-based ATR-FTIR formulation analysis with an ATR-FTIR readout of oxidative stress signatures in <i>T. molitor</i>, proposing a proof-of-concept dual-model screening approach. These findings support the potential of ATR-FTIR as a complementary tool for early-stage evaluation of formulation interactions and bioactive compound performance.</p> Graphic Abstract <p></p>

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An ATR-FTIR-Based Screening Strategy for Formulation–membrane Interactions and Invertebrate Oxidative Stress Signatures

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Anamaria Mendonça Santos,
  • José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior,
  • Cláudio Carvalho Santana Júnior,
  • Ana Maria Santos Oliveira,
  • Adriano Antunes de Souza Araújo,
  • Laurent Picot,
  • Izabel Almeida Alves,
  • Mairim Russo Serafini

摘要

Purpose

The growing demand for alternative and innovation-driven screening methodologies in pharmaceutical and cosmetic research has stimulated the development of complementary physicochemical and biological evaluation platforms. This study explored an ATR-FTIR–based screening strategy using Strat-M® synthetic membranes and an invertebrate oxidative stress model based on Tenebrio molitor larvae.

Methods

Semisolid formulations containing spray-dried NC-HT-TiO₂ or NC-TiO₂ were incorporated into a gel-cream base and applied to Strat-M® membranes, followed by ATR-FTIR spectral analysis to assess formulation–membrane interactions and infrared attenuation profiles.

Results

Formulations G3 and G6 demonstrated the greatest reduction in transmittance (approximately 30–40% and 25–30%, respectively), compared to 60–65% for the vehicle. In parallel, T. molitor larvae were exposed to bioactive compounds (farnesol, hesperetin, and silibinin) prior to H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, and hemolymph samples were analyzed by ATR-FTIR to evaluate changes in the O–H stretching region (3200–3600 cm⁻¹). Concentration-dependent spectral variations were observed, particularly for hesperetin and silibinin, consistent with oxidative stress–associated molecular alterations.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to combine Strat-M®-based ATR-FTIR formulation analysis with an ATR-FTIR readout of oxidative stress signatures in T. molitor, proposing a proof-of-concept dual-model screening approach. These findings support the potential of ATR-FTIR as a complementary tool for early-stage evaluation of formulation interactions and bioactive compound performance.

Graphic Abstract