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<p>Magnetic mesoporous nanoparticles (MMNPs) have become high-tech theranostic systems that can combine controlled drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic systems of magnetic fields in a single nanosystem. MMNPs have superior drug loading, pH-responsive release, magnetic targeting, and hyperthermia-based cancer therapy due to the enhanced surface area and tunable pore structure combined with the magnetic responsiveness of the iron oxide core. The review critically analyzes the latest advances in the design, synthesis, characterization, and biomedical uses of MMNPs with special focus on the impact that the synthesis strategies have on the structural characteristics, the magnetic performance, and the biomedical effects. Contrary to the earlier descriptive reviews, the article offers a comparative analysis of currently used synthesis pathways in regards to scalability, reproducibility, biomedical and translational feasibility. The characterizations like SEM, TEM, AFM, BET, FTIR, TGA, DSC, VSM, and SQUID confirm the morphology, thermal, and magnetic properties. The physiognomy enables efficient drug loading, magnetic targeting, and pH-sensitive drug release in the tumour environment. Alteration of metals (Ag, Cu) or ligands (folic acid, peptides) improves activity and resistance to biofilm-associated infections. MMNPs stand out as multifaceted carriers for drug delivery, gene therapy, and diagnostic applications in precision medicines for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and eco-friendly synthesis potential. Moreover, the MMNP applications in cancer therapy, antibacterial treatment, delivery of genes, and tissue engineering are presented with a critical assessment of the dose-response behavior, toxicity limits, and therapeutic effectiveness as compared to the traditional nanocarriers. Lastly, the existing difficulties concerning the long-term biodistribution, iron deposition, clearance mechanisms, immunogenicity, and safety standards of magnetic field are discussed, which gives a realistic view on clinical translation of MMNP-based theranostic systems. A schematic illustration depicting the formulation process of magnetic mesoporous nanoparticles.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Magnetic Mesoporous Nanoparticles as a Versatile Theranostic Tool for Overcoming Limitations in Conventional Drug Delivery and Cancer Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月27日

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  • Sree Ranjani Pradeep,
  • Sangeetha Shanmugasundaram

摘要

Magnetic mesoporous nanoparticles (MMNPs) have become high-tech theranostic systems that can combine controlled drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic systems of magnetic fields in a single nanosystem. MMNPs have superior drug loading, pH-responsive release, magnetic targeting, and hyperthermia-based cancer therapy due to the enhanced surface area and tunable pore structure combined with the magnetic responsiveness of the iron oxide core. The review critically analyzes the latest advances in the design, synthesis, characterization, and biomedical uses of MMNPs with special focus on the impact that the synthesis strategies have on the structural characteristics, the magnetic performance, and the biomedical effects. Contrary to the earlier descriptive reviews, the article offers a comparative analysis of currently used synthesis pathways in regards to scalability, reproducibility, biomedical and translational feasibility. The characterizations like SEM, TEM, AFM, BET, FTIR, TGA, DSC, VSM, and SQUID confirm the morphology, thermal, and magnetic properties. The physiognomy enables efficient drug loading, magnetic targeting, and pH-sensitive drug release in the tumour environment. Alteration of metals (Ag, Cu) or ligands (folic acid, peptides) improves activity and resistance to biofilm-associated infections. MMNPs stand out as multifaceted carriers for drug delivery, gene therapy, and diagnostic applications in precision medicines for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and eco-friendly synthesis potential. Moreover, the MMNP applications in cancer therapy, antibacterial treatment, delivery of genes, and tissue engineering are presented with a critical assessment of the dose-response behavior, toxicity limits, and therapeutic effectiveness as compared to the traditional nanocarriers. Lastly, the existing difficulties concerning the long-term biodistribution, iron deposition, clearance mechanisms, immunogenicity, and safety standards of magnetic field are discussed, which gives a realistic view on clinical translation of MMNP-based theranostic systems. A schematic illustration depicting the formulation process of magnetic mesoporous nanoparticles.

Graphical Abstract