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Purpose <p>This study aimed to use response surface methods to create and optimize a ferulic acid (FA)-transferosome (FATF)-based gel (FATF-G). The goal of the study was to create FATF-G in order to get improved photoprotection against UVA radiation.</p> Methods <p>FATF was prepared by the thin-film hydration technique and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Optimized FATF composed of 20&#xa0;mg (phospholipid, soy lecithin, SL), Tween 80 (5 mL), and sonication duration (20&#xa0;min) with solvent chloroform and methanol (2:1, v/v). Entrapment efficiency (%EE), ex vivo skin permeability, solubility, TEM, FTIR, UV, Zetasizer, and stability tests were used to characterize FATF. FATF-G, FACG, and FAPL-G were checked for their photoprotective efficacy and membrane permeability in a rat model.</p> Results <p>FATF produced the highest %EE of 99.48 ± 0.54%. Compared to FACG, FATF-G has demonstrated a considerably stronger photoprotection effect (<sup>***</sup><i>P</i> &lt; 0.01), superior permeability (92.08 ± 0.86%), and longer release over 24&#xa0;h. The FATF-G’s improved drug absorption through skin is possible because FATF had a better permeation coefficient [Kp 4.73 ± 0.07 (cm/h)] and greater solubility (8137.12 ± 1.10&#xa0;µg/mL) as compared to others. Skin antioxidant defense systems such as GPX, GRD, CAT, MDA, GSH, SOD, and carbonyl protein were significantly elevated by FATF-G (<sup>***</sup><i>P</i> &lt; 0.01) against UVA.</p> Conclusion <p>FATF-G, the optimized gel formulation, considerably outperformed FACG in terms of skin permeability and photoprotection activity (<sup>***</sup><i>P</i> &lt; 0.01). Thus, this novel gel system of FA may have the potential for topical delivery to get enhanced therapeutic efficacy and photoprotection against harmful ultraviolet lights.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Optimization of Ferulic Acid-Loaded Transferosomal Gel Using Box-Behnken Design: A Novel Approach for Enhanced Photoprotection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Ranjit K. Harwansh,
  • Rohitas Deshmukh,
  • Mohammad Akhlaquer Rahman,
  • Rajendra K. Jangde

摘要

Purpose

This study aimed to use response surface methods to create and optimize a ferulic acid (FA)-transferosome (FATF)-based gel (FATF-G). The goal of the study was to create FATF-G in order to get improved photoprotection against UVA radiation.

Methods

FATF was prepared by the thin-film hydration technique and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Optimized FATF composed of 20 mg (phospholipid, soy lecithin, SL), Tween 80 (5 mL), and sonication duration (20 min) with solvent chloroform and methanol (2:1, v/v). Entrapment efficiency (%EE), ex vivo skin permeability, solubility, TEM, FTIR, UV, Zetasizer, and stability tests were used to characterize FATF. FATF-G, FACG, and FAPL-G were checked for their photoprotective efficacy and membrane permeability in a rat model.

Results

FATF produced the highest %EE of 99.48 ± 0.54%. Compared to FACG, FATF-G has demonstrated a considerably stronger photoprotection effect (***P < 0.01), superior permeability (92.08 ± 0.86%), and longer release over 24 h. The FATF-G’s improved drug absorption through skin is possible because FATF had a better permeation coefficient [Kp 4.73 ± 0.07 (cm/h)] and greater solubility (8137.12 ± 1.10 µg/mL) as compared to others. Skin antioxidant defense systems such as GPX, GRD, CAT, MDA, GSH, SOD, and carbonyl protein were significantly elevated by FATF-G (***P < 0.01) against UVA.

Conclusion

FATF-G, the optimized gel formulation, considerably outperformed FACG in terms of skin permeability and photoprotection activity (***P < 0.01). Thus, this novel gel system of FA may have the potential for topical delivery to get enhanced therapeutic efficacy and photoprotection against harmful ultraviolet lights.

Graphical Abstract