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Background <p>Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are versatile metal oxide nanomaterials with unique physical and chemical properties, yet their synthesis often lacks systematic optimization. The biomedical potential of colchicine-loaded ZnO-NPs (C-ZnO-NPs) also remains underexplored.</p> Methods <p>This study utilized the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to optimize the synthesis of C-ZnO-NPs using zinc acetate dihydrate (ZnA) molarity (0.25–1&#xa0;M), stirring speed (500–1000&#xa0;rpm), and temperature (60–90&#xa0;°C) as variables.</p> Results <p>The optimized formulation (F18) exhibited an average particle size of 390.8 ± 71.8&#xa0;nm, a zeta potential of − 15.52 ± 0.42 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 80.22 ± 5.54%. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed absorption peaks at 247 and 357&#xa0;nm, corresponding to COL and ZnO-NPs, respectively. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra indicated Zn, O, and notable carbon signals, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed crystalline ZnO. In silico docking demonstrated strong binding affinities of ZnO-NPs with peptide deformylase (PDF) receptors from <i>Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)</i> (PDB ID: 3U7L) and drug-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (PDB ID: 6JFS), supporting their potential antibacterial activity. In vitro testing showed concentration-dependent inhibition of <i>S. aureus</i>, although no additional contribution from COL could be confirmed under the tested conditions.</p> Conclusion <p>Although these findings highlight the antibacterial potential of ZnO-NPs, comprehensive evaluation through cytotoxicity, hemolysis, endotoxin, and biorelevant release studies is essential before considering their suitability for biomedical applications.</p>

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Elucidating the Dual Role of Colchicine in Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis: A Box–Behnken Design Approach with Structural, Computational, and Antibacterial Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Ashok Kumar Janakiraman,
  • Tan Qinwei,
  • Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed,
  • Ramkanth Sundarapandian,
  • Marwan Abdelmahmoud Abdelkarim Maki,
  • M. Yasmin Begum,
  • Wong Pui Ling,
  • Saminathan Kayarohanam,
  • T.S. Mohamed Saleem

摘要

Background

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are versatile metal oxide nanomaterials with unique physical and chemical properties, yet their synthesis often lacks systematic optimization. The biomedical potential of colchicine-loaded ZnO-NPs (C-ZnO-NPs) also remains underexplored.

Methods

This study utilized the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to optimize the synthesis of C-ZnO-NPs using zinc acetate dihydrate (ZnA) molarity (0.25–1 M), stirring speed (500–1000 rpm), and temperature (60–90 °C) as variables.

Results

The optimized formulation (F18) exhibited an average particle size of 390.8 ± 71.8 nm, a zeta potential of − 15.52 ± 0.42 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 80.22 ± 5.54%. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed absorption peaks at 247 and 357 nm, corresponding to COL and ZnO-NPs, respectively. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra indicated Zn, O, and notable carbon signals, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed crystalline ZnO. In silico docking demonstrated strong binding affinities of ZnO-NPs with peptide deformylase (PDF) receptors from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (PDB ID: 3U7L) and drug-resistant S. aureus (PDB ID: 6JFS), supporting their potential antibacterial activity. In vitro testing showed concentration-dependent inhibition of S. aureus, although no additional contribution from COL could be confirmed under the tested conditions.

Conclusion

Although these findings highlight the antibacterial potential of ZnO-NPs, comprehensive evaluation through cytotoxicity, hemolysis, endotoxin, and biorelevant release studies is essential before considering their suitability for biomedical applications.