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Purpose <p>Vitamin D3 deficiency is widespread globally, primarily due to low bioavailability from poor oral solubility and the scarcity of non-invasive dosage forms for individuals with absorption challenges. Developing nanocarrier-based alternative administration methods, such as transdermal hydrogel patches, could address poor water solubility, improve patient compliance, and enable controlled drug release with enhanced permeation.</p> Methods <p>The drug release profile of the solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) dispersion was compared with that of a control pure drug dispersion to assess nanocarrier effectiveness. Scanning electron microscopy was employed for further characterization. The SLN dispersion was incorporated into hydrogels across fifteen formulations, and patches were prepared using the solvent casting technique. Mechanical and physical properties of the patches were evaluated. The optimal formulation, which produced patches with the desired characteristics, underwent further ex vivo permeation studies using a Franz diffusion apparatus to compare drug permeation from the patch and the dispersion.</p> Results <p>The solid lipid nanoparticles released 89.58 ± 0.865% of the drug at 6&#xa0;h, whereas the pure drug dispersion released 27.583 ± 7.993%. Low f2 values indicated significant dissimilarity between the release profiles. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanoparticles’ size and morphology. The optimized patch, prepared with plasticizer to prevent brittleness, demonstrated effective vitamin D3 permeation through the skin in permeation studies.</p> Conclusion <p>The findings indicate that the hydrogel patch effectively addresses limitations associated with conventional vitamin D3 supplementation. This transdermal system has the potential to improve patient adherence, reduce side effects, and provide consistent therapeutic outcomes. The combination of hydrogels and solid lipid nanoparticles offers a synergistic platform for drug delivery. It establishes a foundation for future research on lipophilic drugs that are sensitive or poorly absorbed via the gastrointestinal route. This approach presents opportunities for pharmaceutical innovation.</p>

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A Combined Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Strategy for Systemic Delivery of Vitamin D3 Via the Skin: A Potential Alternative to Conventional Vitamin Supplementation Dosage Forms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月12日

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  • Chira I. Khisho,
  • Mohanad Alfahad

摘要

Purpose

Vitamin D3 deficiency is widespread globally, primarily due to low bioavailability from poor oral solubility and the scarcity of non-invasive dosage forms for individuals with absorption challenges. Developing nanocarrier-based alternative administration methods, such as transdermal hydrogel patches, could address poor water solubility, improve patient compliance, and enable controlled drug release with enhanced permeation.

Methods

The drug release profile of the solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) dispersion was compared with that of a control pure drug dispersion to assess nanocarrier effectiveness. Scanning electron microscopy was employed for further characterization. The SLN dispersion was incorporated into hydrogels across fifteen formulations, and patches were prepared using the solvent casting technique. Mechanical and physical properties of the patches were evaluated. The optimal formulation, which produced patches with the desired characteristics, underwent further ex vivo permeation studies using a Franz diffusion apparatus to compare drug permeation from the patch and the dispersion.

Results

The solid lipid nanoparticles released 89.58 ± 0.865% of the drug at 6 h, whereas the pure drug dispersion released 27.583 ± 7.993%. Low f2 values indicated significant dissimilarity between the release profiles. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanoparticles’ size and morphology. The optimized patch, prepared with plasticizer to prevent brittleness, demonstrated effective vitamin D3 permeation through the skin in permeation studies.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that the hydrogel patch effectively addresses limitations associated with conventional vitamin D3 supplementation. This transdermal system has the potential to improve patient adherence, reduce side effects, and provide consistent therapeutic outcomes. The combination of hydrogels and solid lipid nanoparticles offers a synergistic platform for drug delivery. It establishes a foundation for future research on lipophilic drugs that are sensitive or poorly absorbed via the gastrointestinal route. This approach presents opportunities for pharmaceutical innovation.