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<p> Braking control in electric vehicles is crucial for enhancing energy efficiency through regenerative braking. However, conventional anti-lock braking systems (ABS) typically deactivate regenerative braking to prioritize stability, sacrificing energy recovery potential. This paper presents a novel hierarchical control strategy for dual-motor electric vehicles that enables cooperative regenerative and hydraulic braking throughout the ABS operating cycle. The strategy employs a Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller, optimized via Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), for precise slip ratio regulation, coupled with a rule-based torque distribution mechanism. Simulations under diverse road conditions demonstrate that the proposed method maintains robust braking performance and stability. Crucially, it achieves a significant energy recovery of 0.26% to 1.01% in battery State of Charge (SOC) per braking event—a pure gain compared to conventional systems which recover none under ABS activation. This work provides a practical framework for enhancing both the safety and energy economy of electric vehicles.</p>

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Integrated Braking Control for Electric Vehicles Toward Enhanced Energy Recovery and Dynamic Stability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Bo Zhang,
  • Zirong Wang,
  • Zhou Yang,
  • Nan Zhou,
  • Zeyu Chen

摘要

Braking control in electric vehicles is crucial for enhancing energy efficiency through regenerative braking. However, conventional anti-lock braking systems (ABS) typically deactivate regenerative braking to prioritize stability, sacrificing energy recovery potential. This paper presents a novel hierarchical control strategy for dual-motor electric vehicles that enables cooperative regenerative and hydraulic braking throughout the ABS operating cycle. The strategy employs a Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller, optimized via Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), for precise slip ratio regulation, coupled with a rule-based torque distribution mechanism. Simulations under diverse road conditions demonstrate that the proposed method maintains robust braking performance and stability. Crucially, it achieves a significant energy recovery of 0.26% to 1.01% in battery State of Charge (SOC) per braking event—a pure gain compared to conventional systems which recover none under ABS activation. This work provides a practical framework for enhancing both the safety and energy economy of electric vehicles.