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<p>This decade-long study (2010–2019) examines the interannual variability of dinoflagellate assemblages within Paracas Bay, Peru, a crucial ecosystem situated in the highly productive Northern Humboldt Current System (NHCS). We analyzed the effects of the ENSO Dynamic on dinoflagellate assemblages in the NHCS (inside and outside of Paracas Bay) considering their feeding strategy and functional group, and key environmental variables: sea surface temperature (SST), El Niño-Coastal Index (ICEN), nitrates, and phosphates. Our findings reveal 113 dinoflagellate taxa, representing 54% of those documented in Peru, with <i>Protoperidinium</i> and <i>Tripos</i> being the most diverse genera. Dinoflagellate assemblage structure exhibited significant interannual variations across distinct ENSO phases (El Niño, La Niña, neutral) and El Niño-Coastal events. These shifts were primarily driven by changes in the abundance of species with specific functional group and feeding strategies. Notably, heterotrophic dinoflagellates with a <i>pallium</i> feeding mechanism and belonging to functional group S thrived outside Paracas Bay during El Niño periods characterized by low nutrient availability, while mixotrophic species dominated inside Paracas Bay during El Niño-Coastal events associated with high SST. We also found that the dinoflagellate assemblages interannual variability were significantly associated inside Paracas Bay with ICEN and PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>, whose interannual changes were fundamentally induced by the ENSO dynamic. The study underscores the complex relationship between environmental variability and dinoflagellate dynamics, highlighting the dinoflagellates' response to the ENSO dynamic in this vital upwelling region.</p>

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Interannual Variability of Dinoflagellates in the Northern Humboldt Current System (NHCS)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月22日

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  • Max Galán,
  • Maribel Baylón

摘要

This decade-long study (2010–2019) examines the interannual variability of dinoflagellate assemblages within Paracas Bay, Peru, a crucial ecosystem situated in the highly productive Northern Humboldt Current System (NHCS). We analyzed the effects of the ENSO Dynamic on dinoflagellate assemblages in the NHCS (inside and outside of Paracas Bay) considering their feeding strategy and functional group, and key environmental variables: sea surface temperature (SST), El Niño-Coastal Index (ICEN), nitrates, and phosphates. Our findings reveal 113 dinoflagellate taxa, representing 54% of those documented in Peru, with Protoperidinium and Tripos being the most diverse genera. Dinoflagellate assemblage structure exhibited significant interannual variations across distinct ENSO phases (El Niño, La Niña, neutral) and El Niño-Coastal events. These shifts were primarily driven by changes in the abundance of species with specific functional group and feeding strategies. Notably, heterotrophic dinoflagellates with a pallium feeding mechanism and belonging to functional group S thrived outside Paracas Bay during El Niño periods characterized by low nutrient availability, while mixotrophic species dominated inside Paracas Bay during El Niño-Coastal events associated with high SST. We also found that the dinoflagellate assemblages interannual variability were significantly associated inside Paracas Bay with ICEN and PO43−, whose interannual changes were fundamentally induced by the ENSO dynamic. The study underscores the complex relationship between environmental variability and dinoflagellate dynamics, highlighting the dinoflagellates' response to the ENSO dynamic in this vital upwelling region.