Unique pyrene (endocarp) morphology-anatomy and a compelling molecular phylogenetic topology confirm that Poupartia chapelieri should be treated as a new genus. Tsiramiramia is described and illustrated here, and a key to the species of Poupartia and related taxa of the Tsiramiramia clade is provided. It is sister to a phylogenetically and morphologically diverse and geographically widespread clade within the subfamily Spondiadoideae. A lectotype is also designated for the name Protium madagascariense var. ellipticum. This study is a contribution toward resolution of a highly problematic portion of this subfamily.
