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<p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious health concern of the 21st century, affecting millions of people globally. The current study employed a novel microbe-mediated method for synthesizing ZnO-based nanobiotics to overcome AMR. An endophyte, <i>Paenibacillus</i> sp. strain IHC2, previously recovered from <i>Indigofera heterantha</i> root, was used as a source of green reductants and stabilizers to synthesize ZnO nanobiotics. These nanobiotics were then characterized using various spectroscopic methods, following which subjected to bioactivity evaluation against clinical drug-resistant bacterial pathogens and parasitic nematode, <i>Caenorhabditis elegans.</i> The UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed nanobiotic synthesis by showing a spectral peak at 395&#xa0;nm. FTIR spectrum captured a range of organic functional groups (C–I, C–Br, C = C, C–O, C–H, O = C=O), from bacterial extract attached to the surface of the nanobiotics. The XRD analysis determined a spherical wurtzite morphology with a crystallite average size of 27.12 ± 7.16&#xa0;nm. SEM images revealed polydispersed spherical nanobiotics and agglomerated morphologies with an average size of about 147.78 ± 34.71&#xa0;nm. The EDX shows strong peaks at 1&#xa0;eV and 8.7&#xa0;eV for Zinc (65.53%) and a strong peak at 0.5&#xa0;eV for Oxygen (7.08%). The antibacterial activities of the nanobiotic against clinical pathogens <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> show zone of inhibition of 9.6&#xa0;mm and 8.5&#xa0;mm with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 4.08 and 5.66&#xa0;mg/mL, respectively. The anti-nematodal activity of <i>Paenibacillus</i> sp. extract and ZnO nanobiotics against <i>C. elegans</i> shows an LD<sub>50</sub> value of 113.35 ± 11.91 and 382.37 ± 5.40&#xa0;µg/mL, respectively, after 24&#xa0;h of exposure. Overall, we conclude that <i>Paenibacillus</i> sp. IHC2 extract mediated ZnO nanobiotics has moderate antibacterial and anti-nematicidal activities.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Biogenic synthesis of ZnO based nanobiotics using the extract of an endophytic bacteria Paenibacillus sp. strain IHC2 and evaluation of antibacterial and anti-nematicidal activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Hadia Naz,
  • Ikram Ullah,
  • Abdul Basit,
  • Inzimam Ul Haq,
  • Ishtiaq Hassan,
  • Luqman Shah

摘要

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious health concern of the 21st century, affecting millions of people globally. The current study employed a novel microbe-mediated method for synthesizing ZnO-based nanobiotics to overcome AMR. An endophyte, Paenibacillus sp. strain IHC2, previously recovered from Indigofera heterantha root, was used as a source of green reductants and stabilizers to synthesize ZnO nanobiotics. These nanobiotics were then characterized using various spectroscopic methods, following which subjected to bioactivity evaluation against clinical drug-resistant bacterial pathogens and parasitic nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed nanobiotic synthesis by showing a spectral peak at 395 nm. FTIR spectrum captured a range of organic functional groups (C–I, C–Br, C = C, C–O, C–H, O = C=O), from bacterial extract attached to the surface of the nanobiotics. The XRD analysis determined a spherical wurtzite morphology with a crystallite average size of 27.12 ± 7.16 nm. SEM images revealed polydispersed spherical nanobiotics and agglomerated morphologies with an average size of about 147.78 ± 34.71 nm. The EDX shows strong peaks at 1 eV and 8.7 eV for Zinc (65.53%) and a strong peak at 0.5 eV for Oxygen (7.08%). The antibacterial activities of the nanobiotic against clinical pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli show zone of inhibition of 9.6 mm and 8.5 mm with an IC50 value of 4.08 and 5.66 mg/mL, respectively. The anti-nematodal activity of Paenibacillus sp. extract and ZnO nanobiotics against C. elegans shows an LD50 value of 113.35 ± 11.91 and 382.37 ± 5.40 µg/mL, respectively, after 24 h of exposure. Overall, we conclude that Paenibacillus sp. IHC2 extract mediated ZnO nanobiotics has moderate antibacterial and anti-nematicidal activities.

Graphical abstract