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<p>Damping-off disease, caused by the soil-borne oomycete <i>Pythium irregulare</i>, severely limits pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) production worldwide, highlighting the need for sustainable disease management strategies. This study evaluated the protective efficacy and immune-stimulatory potential of actinomycete-synthesized zinc oxide–boron oxide nanoparticles (ZnO–B₂O₃ NPs) against <i>P. irregulare</i>, compared with monometallic ZnO NPs, B₂O₃ NPs, <i>Streptomyces gancidicus</i> culture filtrate, and a reference chemical treatment. Infection by <i>P. irregulare</i> significantly reduced germination, growth, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate content, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels. All treatments mitigated disease symptoms and improved plant performance, with ZnO–B₂O₃ NPs providing the highest protection (88%) and effectively restoring biomass and yield attributes. Biochemical analyses revealed enhanced chlorophyll, carbohydrate levels, proline accumulation, and endogenous IAA in treated plants. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were upregulated, maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and reducing oxidative damage. Protein profiling (SDS-PAGE) confirmed restoration and induction of defense-related proteins. These findings provide mechanistic insights into nanoparticle-mediated immune modulation under oomycete stress and highlight the potential of actinomycete-derived ZnO–B₂O₃ nanoparticles as a sustainable approach to enhance pea immunity and productivity.</p>

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Actinomycete-induced ZnO–B2O3 nanoparticles synthesis for enhancing pea plant immunity and suppress Pythium irregulare infection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Gharieb S. El-Sayyad,
  • Basma H. Elkhodary,
  • Marwa S. Salem,
  • Mohamed S. Attia

摘要

Damping-off disease, caused by the soil-borne oomycete Pythium irregulare, severely limits pea (Pisum sativum L.) production worldwide, highlighting the need for sustainable disease management strategies. This study evaluated the protective efficacy and immune-stimulatory potential of actinomycete-synthesized zinc oxide–boron oxide nanoparticles (ZnO–B₂O₃ NPs) against P. irregulare, compared with monometallic ZnO NPs, B₂O₃ NPs, Streptomyces gancidicus culture filtrate, and a reference chemical treatment. Infection by P. irregulare significantly reduced germination, growth, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate content, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels. All treatments mitigated disease symptoms and improved plant performance, with ZnO–B₂O₃ NPs providing the highest protection (88%) and effectively restoring biomass and yield attributes. Biochemical analyses revealed enhanced chlorophyll, carbohydrate levels, proline accumulation, and endogenous IAA in treated plants. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were upregulated, maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and reducing oxidative damage. Protein profiling (SDS-PAGE) confirmed restoration and induction of defense-related proteins. These findings provide mechanistic insights into nanoparticle-mediated immune modulation under oomycete stress and highlight the potential of actinomycete-derived ZnO–B₂O₃ nanoparticles as a sustainable approach to enhance pea immunity and productivity.