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<p>This study investigated the effects of different finishing treatments, including mercerization with NaOH, sulfonation, and incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and β-cyclodextrin, on the functional and mechanical properties of Coolmax fabrics. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses confirmed the distribution of finishing agents (sodium sulfite, sodium hydroxide, and β-cyclodextrin) and AgNPs on fiber surfaces. Mechanical evaluations revealed bending rigidity values on the fabric surface of 1.85&#xa0;mg&#xa0;cm (control), 1.58 mg·cm (mercerized with NaOH), and 1.96&#xa0;mg&#xa0;cm (sulfonated), and on the back side of 4.87, 3.42, and 4.7&#xa0;mg&#xa0;cm, indicating that sulfonation preserved mechanical integrity while mercerization with NaOH increased flexibility. Crease recovery angles were 135° for the control and sulfonated samples, and 115° for the NaOH-mercerized sample. Color fastness and antiperspirant tests demonstrated excellent stability, with color change and staining numbers of 5 for all treatments. Antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) was evaluated using bacterial counting and inhibition zone measurements. AgNPs demonstrated the highest antibacterial performance, with inhibition zones of 30&#xa0;mm (<i>E. coli</i>) and 40&#xa0;mm (<i>S. aureus</i>) and bacterial growth reductions up to 80% (<i>E. coli</i>) and 90% (S. aureus) in mercerized fabrics. β-Cyclodextrin exhibited lower activity, with reductions of 30% and 35% for <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, respectively. Mercerization and sulfonation alone also improved antibacterial effects, yielding 15–29% and 10–20% growth reductions, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that sulfonation combined with AgNPs produces multifunctional textiles with up to 90% antibacterial efficiency, preserved mechanical properties, excellent color fastness, and minimal surface alterations, highlighting its potential for high-performance textile applications. Such treated fabrics are particularly suitable for sportswear and active apparel, offering enhanced performance, hygiene, and comfort.</p>

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Multifunctional Finishing of Coolmax Textiles: Balancing Antibacterial Activity and Mechanical Integrity for Sportswear

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Saghar Nikooray,
  • Ali Ashjaran,
  • Mehrdad Hajilari

摘要

This study investigated the effects of different finishing treatments, including mercerization with NaOH, sulfonation, and incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and β-cyclodextrin, on the functional and mechanical properties of Coolmax fabrics. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses confirmed the distribution of finishing agents (sodium sulfite, sodium hydroxide, and β-cyclodextrin) and AgNPs on fiber surfaces. Mechanical evaluations revealed bending rigidity values on the fabric surface of 1.85 mg cm (control), 1.58 mg·cm (mercerized with NaOH), and 1.96 mg cm (sulfonated), and on the back side of 4.87, 3.42, and 4.7 mg cm, indicating that sulfonation preserved mechanical integrity while mercerization with NaOH increased flexibility. Crease recovery angles were 135° for the control and sulfonated samples, and 115° for the NaOH-mercerized sample. Color fastness and antiperspirant tests demonstrated excellent stability, with color change and staining numbers of 5 for all treatments. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was evaluated using bacterial counting and inhibition zone measurements. AgNPs demonstrated the highest antibacterial performance, with inhibition zones of 30 mm (E. coli) and 40 mm (S. aureus) and bacterial growth reductions up to 80% (E. coli) and 90% (S. aureus) in mercerized fabrics. β-Cyclodextrin exhibited lower activity, with reductions of 30% and 35% for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Mercerization and sulfonation alone also improved antibacterial effects, yielding 15–29% and 10–20% growth reductions, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that sulfonation combined with AgNPs produces multifunctional textiles with up to 90% antibacterial efficiency, preserved mechanical properties, excellent color fastness, and minimal surface alterations, highlighting its potential for high-performance textile applications. Such treated fabrics are particularly suitable for sportswear and active apparel, offering enhanced performance, hygiene, and comfort.