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<p>Reactive dyes, although very popular, produce hydrolyzed non-reactive dyes under alkaline conditions. These hydrolyzed reactive dyes remain in the dyebath and on the fiber and, as a result, pollute the environment and significantly affect the color fastness to wash. These unreacted hydrolyzed (unfixed) dyes must therefore be removed from the cotton fiber. This article assessed the effectiveness of non-ionic and ionic washing agents in removing hydrolyzed dye through spectral analysis. Non-ionic washing agents were found to outperform anionic agents in terms of hydrolyzed dye removal efficiency. The hydrolyzed dye removal efficiency was even higher when washing was carried out in plain water at a higher liquor ratio. It has been found that the removal efficiency of hydrolyzed dye improved during the first and second wash cycles. Therefore, simply increasing washing cycles is not a viable option; instead, efforts should focus on increasing the liquor ratio.</p>

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Effect of Non-anionic and Anionic Washing Agents for Removing Hydrolyzed Reactive Dyes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Fahmida Haque,
  • Md. Hasan Ikbal,
  • Tanjim Zahin Shuchi,
  • Lamia Tasnim,
  • Sanjida Afrin Lima

摘要

Reactive dyes, although very popular, produce hydrolyzed non-reactive dyes under alkaline conditions. These hydrolyzed reactive dyes remain in the dyebath and on the fiber and, as a result, pollute the environment and significantly affect the color fastness to wash. These unreacted hydrolyzed (unfixed) dyes must therefore be removed from the cotton fiber. This article assessed the effectiveness of non-ionic and ionic washing agents in removing hydrolyzed dye through spectral analysis. Non-ionic washing agents were found to outperform anionic agents in terms of hydrolyzed dye removal efficiency. The hydrolyzed dye removal efficiency was even higher when washing was carried out in plain water at a higher liquor ratio. It has been found that the removal efficiency of hydrolyzed dye improved during the first and second wash cycles. Therefore, simply increasing washing cycles is not a viable option; instead, efforts should focus on increasing the liquor ratio.