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<p>Electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric membranes exhibit inherent mechanical fragility, particularly inadequate elongation at break and fracture toughness, which severely limits their reliability in flexible sensing applications. To overcome this limitation, we incorporated calcium sulfate oligomers (CSOs) as multifunctional nano-additives into the PVDF electrospinning system. The resulting composite membranes achieve concurrent breakthroughs in mechanical robustness and piezoelectric performance: the elongation at break increases to 157% (vs. 89% for pure PVDF), while the piezoelectric output voltage reaches 6.24&#xa0;V, approximately six times that of pure PVDF. This dual enhancement originates from ionic coordination between sulfate groups in CSO and PVDF dipoles, which simultaneously facilitates energy dissipation during deformation and promotes piezoelectric β-phase nucleation. The composites maintain uniform hydrophobic fiber morphology with refined diameter (362 vs. 807&#xa0;nm for pure PVDF), ensuring excellent processability for sensing applications. Functionality tests confirm exceptional dynamic performance with strain-dependent voltage output and reliable signal generation during biomechanical motions such as finger tapping. This work demonstrates that CSO incorporation effectively overcomes the traditional trade-off between mechanical durability and electromechanical sensitivity in piezoelectric polymers, establishing a promising strategy for developing high-performance flexible sensors.</p>

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Calcium Sulfate Oligomers as Dual-Functional Additives: Synergistically Reinforcing Electrospun PVDF Nanofibers for High-Performance Piezoelectric Sensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月3日

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  • Yilin Chen,
  • Haijun Wang,
  • Qianqian Yu,
  • Fuyuan Zhang,
  • Guozhi Li

摘要

Electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric membranes exhibit inherent mechanical fragility, particularly inadequate elongation at break and fracture toughness, which severely limits their reliability in flexible sensing applications. To overcome this limitation, we incorporated calcium sulfate oligomers (CSOs) as multifunctional nano-additives into the PVDF electrospinning system. The resulting composite membranes achieve concurrent breakthroughs in mechanical robustness and piezoelectric performance: the elongation at break increases to 157% (vs. 89% for pure PVDF), while the piezoelectric output voltage reaches 6.24 V, approximately six times that of pure PVDF. This dual enhancement originates from ionic coordination between sulfate groups in CSO and PVDF dipoles, which simultaneously facilitates energy dissipation during deformation and promotes piezoelectric β-phase nucleation. The composites maintain uniform hydrophobic fiber morphology with refined diameter (362 vs. 807 nm for pure PVDF), ensuring excellent processability for sensing applications. Functionality tests confirm exceptional dynamic performance with strain-dependent voltage output and reliable signal generation during biomechanical motions such as finger tapping. This work demonstrates that CSO incorporation effectively overcomes the traditional trade-off between mechanical durability and electromechanical sensitivity in piezoelectric polymers, establishing a promising strategy for developing high-performance flexible sensors.