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<p>This study employs two-dimensional numerical simulation to characterize droplet migration and collision dynamics on unidirectional and symmetrical multi-level wettability gradient (WG) surfaces under Earth (g₀), Martian (0.38&#xa0;g₀), and microgravity (10⁻⁶g₀). Parametric analysis reveals WG = -15/2°/mm optimizes single-droplet migration time in microgravity, exhibiting minimal sensitivity to gravity reduction, while WG = -20/2°/mm maximizes efficiency under g₀. Larger droplets (D = 3&#xa0;mm) accelerate terrestrial transport but severely impede microgravity migration, where smaller droplets (D = 2&#xa0;mm) excel. Peak velocity (&gt; 0.3&#xa0;m/s), governed by WG and D independent of gravity, dictates acceleration capability. Final equilibrium morphology mainly depends on WG. For dual droplets, microgravity collision requires WG = ∓ 15/2&amp; ∓ 20/2°/mm and D = 2&#xa0;mm; lower gradients or larger diameters prevent collision. The results demonstrate that reduced gravity disrupts mirror-synchronized droplet motion observed under g₀, delaying collision initiation. These findings provide critical guidelines for designing passive capillary fluidic systems in variable-gravity environments, particularly space applications.</p>

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Numerical Simulation of Droplet Directional Transport on Multi-level Wettability Gradient Surfaces Under Microgravity Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Leigang Zhang,
  • Menghao Dun,
  • Bo Xu,
  • Shang Mao,
  • Liwen Yue,
  • Yonghai Zhang

摘要

This study employs two-dimensional numerical simulation to characterize droplet migration and collision dynamics on unidirectional and symmetrical multi-level wettability gradient (WG) surfaces under Earth (g₀), Martian (0.38 g₀), and microgravity (10⁻⁶g₀). Parametric analysis reveals WG = -15/2°/mm optimizes single-droplet migration time in microgravity, exhibiting minimal sensitivity to gravity reduction, while WG = -20/2°/mm maximizes efficiency under g₀. Larger droplets (D = 3 mm) accelerate terrestrial transport but severely impede microgravity migration, where smaller droplets (D = 2 mm) excel. Peak velocity (> 0.3 m/s), governed by WG and D independent of gravity, dictates acceleration capability. Final equilibrium morphology mainly depends on WG. For dual droplets, microgravity collision requires WG = ∓ 15/2& ∓ 20/2°/mm and D = 2 mm; lower gradients or larger diameters prevent collision. The results demonstrate that reduced gravity disrupts mirror-synchronized droplet motion observed under g₀, delaying collision initiation. These findings provide critical guidelines for designing passive capillary fluidic systems in variable-gravity environments, particularly space applications.