<p>Let <i>S</i> be a semigroup, <i>Z</i>(<i>S</i>) the center of <i>S</i> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="77" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sigma :S\rightarrow S\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is an automorphism that need not be involutive. We determine the complex-valued solutions of the generalization of Van Vleck’s functional equation <Equation ID="Equ30"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_Equ30.gif" Format="GIF" Height="41" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="455" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \displaystyle \int _{S} f(xyt)d\mu (t)-\tau (y)\displaystyle \int _{S} f(\sigma (y)xt)d\mu (t)= 2f(x)g(y),\ x,y\in S, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mi>S</mi> </msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mi>S</mi> </msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a measure that is a linear combination of Dirac measures <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="50" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\delta _{z_i})_{i\in I}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>δ</mi> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="71" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(z_i\in Z(S)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(i\in I\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="74" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau :S\rightarrow \mathbb {C}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a multiplicative function such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau (x\sigma (x))=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mi>σ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x\in S\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This allows us to solve the functional equation <Equation ID="Equ31"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_Equ31.gif" Format="GIF" Height="41" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="446" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \displaystyle \int _{S} f(x\varphi (y)t)d\mu (t) -\displaystyle \int _{S} f(\psi (y)xt)d\mu (t)= 2f(x)g(y),\ x,y\in S, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mi>S</mi> </msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mi>S</mi> </msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ψ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="98" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varphi ,\psi :S\rightarrow S\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are automorphisms such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varphi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>φ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is involutive and <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12215_2025_1222_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\psi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ψ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> not necessarily involutive. Some consequences of these results are given.</p>

错误:搜索内容不能为空,请输入英文关键词
错误:关键词超出字数限制,请精简
高级检索

Generalizations of Van Vleck’s functional equation on semigroups

  • Youssef Aserrar,
  • Elhoucien Elqorachi

摘要

Let S be a semigroup, Z(S) the center of S and \(\sigma :S\rightarrow S\) σ : S S is an automorphism that need not be involutive. We determine the complex-valued solutions of the generalization of Van Vleck’s functional equation \(\begin{aligned} \displaystyle \int _{S} f(xyt)d\mu (t)-\tau (y)\displaystyle \int _{S} f(\sigma (y)xt)d\mu (t)= 2f(x)g(y),\ x,y\in S, \end{aligned}\) S f ( x y t ) d μ ( t ) - τ ( y ) S f ( σ ( y ) x t ) d μ ( t ) = 2 f ( x ) g ( y ) , x , y S , where \(\mu \) μ is a measure that is a linear combination of Dirac measures \((\delta _{z_i})_{i\in I}\) ( δ z i ) i I , such that \(z_i\in Z(S)\) z i Z ( S ) for all \(i\in I\) i I , and \(\tau :S\rightarrow \mathbb {C}\) τ : S C is a multiplicative function such that \(\tau (x\sigma (x))=1\) τ ( x σ ( x ) ) = 1 for all \(x\in S\) x S . This allows us to solve the functional equation \(\begin{aligned} \displaystyle \int _{S} f(x\varphi (y)t)d\mu (t) -\displaystyle \int _{S} f(\psi (y)xt)d\mu (t)= 2f(x)g(y),\ x,y\in S, \end{aligned}\) S f ( x φ ( y ) t ) d μ ( t ) - S f ( ψ ( y ) x t ) d μ ( t ) = 2 f ( x ) g ( y ) , x , y S , where \(\varphi ,\psi :S\rightarrow S\) φ , ψ : S S are automorphisms such that \(\varphi \) φ is involutive and \(\psi \) ψ not necessarily involutive. Some consequences of these results are given.