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Abstract <p>Metal nanoparticles, particularly copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NP), are gaining attention in biomedical applications due to their enhanced surface area and size-dependent properties, providing superior antimicrobial and anticancer potential compared to their bulk counterparts. However, regulatory concerns over nanoparticle toxicity favor the use of bulk materials. But studies comparing the effect of nanoparticles with their bulk counterparts are limited in literature. This study aims to thoroughly compare CuO-NP and their polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated variant (PEG-CuO-NP) with bulk CuO particles (CuO-BP) and PEGylated CuO-BP (PEG-CuO-BP), focusing on antibacterial and cytotoxic effects. CuO-NP and PEG-CuO-NP were synthesized via the sol-gel method and characterized using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses. Antibacterial activity was assessed using well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, while cytotoxicity was evaluated in human breast cancer cells and normal mouse fibroblasts. Results showed that CuO-NP exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity against cancer cells than bulk particles. PEG coating did not affect antibacterial efficacy but notably reduced cytotoxicity in cancer and normal cells, highlighting its potential for improving biocompatibility. Interestingly, PEGylated NPs were less effective in vitro for cancer cell killing. The difference in anticancer potential observed with previous reported studies arises because PEG’s benefits are primarily reported in vivo, where it aids nanoparticles in evading phagocytosis, allowing them to stay longer in the body and boosting anticancer effects. In contrast, in vitro assays do not involve phagocytosis. This study underscores the enhanced in vitro efficacy of CuO-NP over bulk CuO in antibacterial and anticancer applications and supports the use of PEGylated NPs in applications prioritizing safety and biocompatibility.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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PEGylation of cupric oxide nanoparticles: modulation of in vitro cytotoxicity against cancer cells with unaltered antimicrobial properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • Sandriya Albert,
  • Vinu Vijayan,
  • Visnuvinayagam Sivam,
  • Harisankar Kunnamkulathil Chandrababu,
  • Teena George,
  • Murugadas Vaiyapuri,
  • Anandan Rangasamy,
  • Raja Swaminathan Thangaraj

摘要

Abstract

Metal nanoparticles, particularly copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NP), are gaining attention in biomedical applications due to their enhanced surface area and size-dependent properties, providing superior antimicrobial and anticancer potential compared to their bulk counterparts. However, regulatory concerns over nanoparticle toxicity favor the use of bulk materials. But studies comparing the effect of nanoparticles with their bulk counterparts are limited in literature. This study aims to thoroughly compare CuO-NP and their polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated variant (PEG-CuO-NP) with bulk CuO particles (CuO-BP) and PEGylated CuO-BP (PEG-CuO-BP), focusing on antibacterial and cytotoxic effects. CuO-NP and PEG-CuO-NP were synthesized via the sol-gel method and characterized using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses. Antibacterial activity was assessed using well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, while cytotoxicity was evaluated in human breast cancer cells and normal mouse fibroblasts. Results showed that CuO-NP exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity against cancer cells than bulk particles. PEG coating did not affect antibacterial efficacy but notably reduced cytotoxicity in cancer and normal cells, highlighting its potential for improving biocompatibility. Interestingly, PEGylated NPs were less effective in vitro for cancer cell killing. The difference in anticancer potential observed with previous reported studies arises because PEG’s benefits are primarily reported in vivo, where it aids nanoparticles in evading phagocytosis, allowing them to stay longer in the body and boosting anticancer effects. In contrast, in vitro assays do not involve phagocytosis. This study underscores the enhanced in vitro efficacy of CuO-NP over bulk CuO in antibacterial and anticancer applications and supports the use of PEGylated NPs in applications prioritizing safety and biocompatibility.

Graphic abstract