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<p>This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the effects of chromium (Cr) on the structural properties of zinc oxide (ZnO). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of the ZnO wurtzite phase for all samples. At lower Cr concentrations (up to 1.4 at%), Cr<sup>3</sup>⁺ ions were successfully incorporated into the ZnO lattice without forming secondary phases, indicating effective substitutional doping. However, at higher Cr contents (≥ 2.8 at%), the formation of a secondary ZnCr₂O₄ spinel phase was observed, suggesting that the Cr solubility limit in ZnO was exceeded. Cr content influenced various crystal-structure-related parameters such as crystallinity, crystallite size, lattice parameters, Zn–O bond length, lattice strain, and stress. The texture coefficient (<i>TC</i><sub>(hkl)</sub>) analyses revealed a shift in preferential growth orientation from the (200) plane to the (004) plane with increasing Cr concentration. FTIR spectra supported the presence of Zn–O vibrational modes and changes in surface chemistry, while SEM images showed morphology evolution and increased surface complexity with doping.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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Comprehensive structural characterization of chromium-doped zinc oxides

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月8日

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  • Tankut Ates,
  • Serhat Keser,
  • Niyazi Bulut,
  • Omer Kaygili

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the effects of chromium (Cr) on the structural properties of zinc oxide (ZnO). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of the ZnO wurtzite phase for all samples. At lower Cr concentrations (up to 1.4 at%), Cr3⁺ ions were successfully incorporated into the ZnO lattice without forming secondary phases, indicating effective substitutional doping. However, at higher Cr contents (≥ 2.8 at%), the formation of a secondary ZnCr₂O₄ spinel phase was observed, suggesting that the Cr solubility limit in ZnO was exceeded. Cr content influenced various crystal-structure-related parameters such as crystallinity, crystallite size, lattice parameters, Zn–O bond length, lattice strain, and stress. The texture coefficient (TC(hkl)) analyses revealed a shift in preferential growth orientation from the (200) plane to the (004) plane with increasing Cr concentration. FTIR spectra supported the presence of Zn–O vibrational modes and changes in surface chemistry, while SEM images showed morphology evolution and increased surface complexity with doping.

Graphic abstract