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<p>In this study, a thermodynamic cycle analysis was conducted for ternary mixed refrigerants for cold climate heating with global warming potentials (GWP) below 150, using the weighted average logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) method. The flammability characteristics were evaluated with the commercial software tools. Screening was carried out under a cold-climate heating boundary (outdoor −15 °C / indoor 20 °C), explicitly targeting cold-climate operation, and candidate mixtures were generated by combining widely used natural, HFC, and HFO components. The results reveals that the saturation pressure of the mixture significantly influenced the volumetric capacity of the cycle. The results showed that class A2/A3 refrigerants achieved approximately 80 % of the performance of R-410A, while class A1/A2L refrigerants reached about 70 %. Among the class A1/A2L ternary mixtures identified, R-1234yf/CF3I/R-32, R-152a/CF3I/R-32, and R-1234yf/R-1234ze(E)/R-32 emerged as promising candidates, all containing less than 20 % of R-32 to maintain low GWP. Notably, the R-1234yf/CF3I/R-32 blend demonstrated the highest volumetric capacity and a pressure ratio comparable to R-410A. In particular, the R-1234yf/CF3I/R-32 mixture with a composition of 20/60/20 wt% was found to deliver approximately 25 % higher volumetric capacity than R-454C under the equivalent conditions.</p>

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Screening of ternary mixed refrigerants with GWP<150 and safety class A2L for cold climate heating

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Dong Ho Kim,
  • Kong Hoon Lee

摘要

In this study, a thermodynamic cycle analysis was conducted for ternary mixed refrigerants for cold climate heating with global warming potentials (GWP) below 150, using the weighted average logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) method. The flammability characteristics were evaluated with the commercial software tools. Screening was carried out under a cold-climate heating boundary (outdoor −15 °C / indoor 20 °C), explicitly targeting cold-climate operation, and candidate mixtures were generated by combining widely used natural, HFC, and HFO components. The results reveals that the saturation pressure of the mixture significantly influenced the volumetric capacity of the cycle. The results showed that class A2/A3 refrigerants achieved approximately 80 % of the performance of R-410A, while class A1/A2L refrigerants reached about 70 %. Among the class A1/A2L ternary mixtures identified, R-1234yf/CF3I/R-32, R-152a/CF3I/R-32, and R-1234yf/R-1234ze(E)/R-32 emerged as promising candidates, all containing less than 20 % of R-32 to maintain low GWP. Notably, the R-1234yf/CF3I/R-32 blend demonstrated the highest volumetric capacity and a pressure ratio comparable to R-410A. In particular, the R-1234yf/CF3I/R-32 mixture with a composition of 20/60/20 wt% was found to deliver approximately 25 % higher volumetric capacity than R-454C under the equivalent conditions.