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<p>This study presents a combined computational and experimental investigation of windage torque in a disc-type flywheel operating in a vacuum. A flywheel system was designed by considering a flywheel retrofitted from a decommissioned turbine with six discs and enclosed within a vacuum chamber. A CFD model was validated against empirical correlations for rotating disks under laminar and turbulent flows, showing strong agreement across Reynolds numbers. Using this model, windage torque was analyzed under various rotational speeds and pressures, revealing that torque increases with both and is dominated by the largest-radius disc. An empirical correlation was derived, showing torque proportional to the 9/5 power of speed and 4/5 power of pressure. Experimental measurements using a fabricated test rig validated the CFD results, showing a maximum error of 14 % after accounting for bearing and sealing torques. The proposed correlation enables efficient estimation of windage torque without repeated CFD analysis, providing a practical tool for optimizing flywheel design.</p>

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Windage torque prediction of a disc-type flywheel under vacuum conditions using CFD analysis and experimental validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Donghyun Lee,
  • Byungock Kim,
  • Byungchan Jeon,
  • Changhwan Park

摘要

This study presents a combined computational and experimental investigation of windage torque in a disc-type flywheel operating in a vacuum. A flywheel system was designed by considering a flywheel retrofitted from a decommissioned turbine with six discs and enclosed within a vacuum chamber. A CFD model was validated against empirical correlations for rotating disks under laminar and turbulent flows, showing strong agreement across Reynolds numbers. Using this model, windage torque was analyzed under various rotational speeds and pressures, revealing that torque increases with both and is dominated by the largest-radius disc. An empirical correlation was derived, showing torque proportional to the 9/5 power of speed and 4/5 power of pressure. Experimental measurements using a fabricated test rig validated the CFD results, showing a maximum error of 14 % after accounting for bearing and sealing torques. The proposed correlation enables efficient estimation of windage torque without repeated CFD analysis, providing a practical tool for optimizing flywheel design.