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<p>This study developed a load spectrum compilation method based on an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm to analyze wear and fatigue in cattle dung briquette machines under complex loads. We built a Gaussian mixture model optimized via Akaike information criterion/Bayesian information criterion (8 amplitude + 7 mean components) by using two-parameter rainflow counting (considering amplitude and mean). The EM algorithm achieved 37 % faster computation (0.0255 s versus 0.0401 s) and higher likelihood (−2242.52 versus −2243.14) than maximum likelihood estimation. Probability density and cumulative distribution function curves validated the method’s accuracy, supporting dynamics and reliability analysis.</p>

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Development of extrusion force load profiles for briquetting machines by using EM algorithms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月5日

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  • Silu Ma,
  • Risu Na,
  • Nan Wang,
  • Haoran Sun

摘要

This study developed a load spectrum compilation method based on an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm to analyze wear and fatigue in cattle dung briquette machines under complex loads. We built a Gaussian mixture model optimized via Akaike information criterion/Bayesian information criterion (8 amplitude + 7 mean components) by using two-parameter rainflow counting (considering amplitude and mean). The EM algorithm achieved 37 % faster computation (0.0255 s versus 0.0401 s) and higher likelihood (−2242.52 versus −2243.14) than maximum likelihood estimation. Probability density and cumulative distribution function curves validated the method’s accuracy, supporting dynamics and reliability analysis.