Temperature effects on the resistance capacity of API X60 pipe elbow under bending moment using X-FEM method

In the present study, the X-FEM technique was used to perform this work, taking into consideration the operating service state of the elbow steel. Semi-elliptical defects were created on the internal surface of the extrados section of elbow. Combined pressure, temperature, and bending loads were applied in the numerical investigation. The damage was depicted in moment-rotation curves and was described as a consequence of several simultaneous factors. The obtained results were in agreement with the literature, which proved that the elbow becomes more brittle at low temperature with less capacity of bearing.