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<p>Large segmental bone defects have long posed a significant clinical challenge in orthopedics, primarily due to limited osteogenic potential and extended healing durations. Metallic biomaterials, such as tantalum, have been extensively employed in bone regeneration due to their superior mechanical strength and favorable early-stage osseointegration. However, their inherent bioinertness frequently results in complications, including implant subsidence and aseptic loosening over prolonged periods, ultimately compromising the repair outcome. To address these challenges, we developed a porous tantalum–biodegradable polymer composite scaffold with a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) architecture, aiming to systematically elucidate how structural design modulates polymer degradation kinetics and regulates the biological behavior of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Through evaluating composite hydrogels composed of lithium magnesium silicate (LAP), gelatin (GE), and sodium alginate (SA) at various concentrations, we identified the 20 g/L LAP formulation as injectable and capable of forming a well-organized porous architecture upon freeze-drying. Subsequently, three distinct TPMS-based porous tantalum scaffolds, i.e., Diamond (D)-type, Gyroid (G)-type, and fused D–G (FDG) hybrid, were fabricated, and the optimized GE–SA–LAP polymer hydrogel was infused into each structure. The results demonstrated that the pore architecture played a decisive role in regulating polymer degradation dynamics: the D-type scaffold exhibited slower degradation (35.2% mass loss over 21 days), the G-type degraded more rapidly (44.6% mass loss), while the FDG hybrid structure achieved a spatially graded release profile, i.e., slower externally and faster internally (39.8% mass loss over 21 days, overall measurement), alongside coordinated bioactive ion release. In vitro studies revealed that the FDG composite scaffold markedly promoted BMSC proliferation, by 26.7% compared to the pure tantalum scaffold, and enhanced osteogenic differentiation within 7 days. This work presents a synergistic design strategy integrating TPMS architecture with functional polymers and provides in vitro experimental evidence supporting its potential for advanced functional scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.</p>

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Impact of Intrapolymeric Degradation within TPMS-Architected Hybrid Scaffolds on BMSC Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月16日

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  • Jizhe Hai,
  • Haoxiang Wu,
  • Lei Jing,
  • Qingyu Xu,
  • Chunlong Shan,
  • Xuehai Ma,
  • Ze Zhao

摘要

Large segmental bone defects have long posed a significant clinical challenge in orthopedics, primarily due to limited osteogenic potential and extended healing durations. Metallic biomaterials, such as tantalum, have been extensively employed in bone regeneration due to their superior mechanical strength and favorable early-stage osseointegration. However, their inherent bioinertness frequently results in complications, including implant subsidence and aseptic loosening over prolonged periods, ultimately compromising the repair outcome. To address these challenges, we developed a porous tantalum–biodegradable polymer composite scaffold with a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) architecture, aiming to systematically elucidate how structural design modulates polymer degradation kinetics and regulates the biological behavior of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Through evaluating composite hydrogels composed of lithium magnesium silicate (LAP), gelatin (GE), and sodium alginate (SA) at various concentrations, we identified the 20 g/L LAP formulation as injectable and capable of forming a well-organized porous architecture upon freeze-drying. Subsequently, three distinct TPMS-based porous tantalum scaffolds, i.e., Diamond (D)-type, Gyroid (G)-type, and fused D–G (FDG) hybrid, were fabricated, and the optimized GE–SA–LAP polymer hydrogel was infused into each structure. The results demonstrated that the pore architecture played a decisive role in regulating polymer degradation dynamics: the D-type scaffold exhibited slower degradation (35.2% mass loss over 21 days), the G-type degraded more rapidly (44.6% mass loss), while the FDG hybrid structure achieved a spatially graded release profile, i.e., slower externally and faster internally (39.8% mass loss over 21 days, overall measurement), alongside coordinated bioactive ion release. In vitro studies revealed that the FDG composite scaffold markedly promoted BMSC proliferation, by 26.7% compared to the pure tantalum scaffold, and enhanced osteogenic differentiation within 7 days. This work presents a synergistic design strategy integrating TPMS architecture with functional polymers and provides in vitro experimental evidence supporting its potential for advanced functional scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.