<p>This study investigates the initial value problem of fuzzy fractional nonlinear Volterra integro-differential equations, where the fuzzy fractional derivatives are defined in the Caputo sense. The existence and uniqueness of the proposed problem are established using Schauder’s fixed point theorem and the Banach contraction principle. In addition, the convergence and Hyers–Ulam stability of the equation under the Caputo fuzzy fractional derivative are examined by deriving suitable sufficient conditions. Furthermore, a novel numerical method—the Modified Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method is employed to obtain the numerical solution. The outcome is derived from Adomian polynomials and organized according to a recursive relation with the aid of the Laplace transform. The recurrence relations are provided explicitly, and the corresponding series solution is established. The proposed method significantly reduces the number of numerical computations by obtaining solutions without the need for discretization or restrictive assumptions. The results reveal strong agreement between the series solutions produced by the fuzzy Laplace transform and the fuzzy Adomian decomposition method. The computational results obtained using MATLAB are presented through <i>α</i>-cut representations of the fuzzy solutions. Finally, the graphical behavior of the obtained results is analyzed to demonstrate the efficiency of the analytical method, highlighting its capability to deliver accurate and precise approximate numerical solutions for the proposed equations.</p>