<p>Considering that the amount of natural enemies released at fixed times and under limited resources depends on the number of existing natural enemies, the predation rate function and conversion efficiency of natural enemies to pests vary across periods with and without pesticide application. Additionally, long-term repeated use of the same pesticide can induce both physiological and behavioral resistance in pests. Based on these considerations, we establish an integrated pest management switching model incorporating pesticide resistance and limited resources of natural enemies. The existence of pest-extinction periodic solution and the pest-extinction threshold are obtained through theoretical analysis. Numerical simulation results indicate that the development of pest physiological and behavioral resistance ultimately leads to population outbreaks. If only physiological resistance is considered, the estimated outbreak time of pest populations will be delayed and their size will be underestimated. If only behavioral resistance is considered, the estimated outbreak time of pests will be advanced. Further, elastically releasing natural enemies and three rotating pesticide strategies to control pests are proposed. Finally, the effects of the frequency of pesticide spraying, the non-instantaneous killing efficiency rate of pesticide to sensitive pests, and the start applied time of pesticide within a pest control cycle on the pest-extinction threshold are presented.</p>

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Study on an integrated pest management switching model with pesticide resistance development and limited resources of natural enemies

  • Bing Liu,
  • Jiani Jin,
  • Haokun Qi

摘要

Considering that the amount of natural enemies released at fixed times and under limited resources depends on the number of existing natural enemies, the predation rate function and conversion efficiency of natural enemies to pests vary across periods with and without pesticide application. Additionally, long-term repeated use of the same pesticide can induce both physiological and behavioral resistance in pests. Based on these considerations, we establish an integrated pest management switching model incorporating pesticide resistance and limited resources of natural enemies. The existence of pest-extinction periodic solution and the pest-extinction threshold are obtained through theoretical analysis. Numerical simulation results indicate that the development of pest physiological and behavioral resistance ultimately leads to population outbreaks. If only physiological resistance is considered, the estimated outbreak time of pest populations will be delayed and their size will be underestimated. If only behavioral resistance is considered, the estimated outbreak time of pests will be advanced. Further, elastically releasing natural enemies and three rotating pesticide strategies to control pests are proposed. Finally, the effects of the frequency of pesticide spraying, the non-instantaneous killing efficiency rate of pesticide to sensitive pests, and the start applied time of pesticide within a pest control cycle on the pest-extinction threshold are presented.