The role of time delay in shaping the dynamics of hunting cooperation and prey vigilance in a predator-prey eco-epidemiology system
摘要
Prey vigilance plays a significant role in ecological modeling, as it alters the dynamics of ecosystems by making it more difficult for predators to locate their prey. This study proposes a predator-prey system with a Holling type-II functional response, incorporating prey vigilance behavior to avoid predation, as well as hunting cooperation among predators. The dynamics of the system are analyzed through the examination of the existence and stability of equilibrium points, bifurcation analysis, and the impact of time delays, including maturation delay, gestation delay, and incubation delay. The study investigates the effects of hunting cooperation and prey vigilance on the model. The results show that while hunting cooperation can destabilize the system, prey vigilance has a stabilizing effect. The novelty of this work lies in its exploration of the combined impact of multiple time delays, prey vigilance, and hunting cooperation. The analysis begins by studying the effects of each time delay individually. Maturation delay, denoted as