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On the qualitative and quantitative analysis for two fourth–order difference equations

  • F. Hilal Gümüş,
  • R. Abo-Zeid

摘要

Our aim in the present paper is to derive the closed-form solutions for the two fourth-order difference equations \(\begin{aligned} x_{n+1}=\frac{x_{n-2}x_{n-3}}{ax_{n}+bx_{n-3}}, \ n\ge 0, \end{aligned}\) x n + 1 = x n - 2 x n - 3 a x n + b x n - 3 , n 0 , and \(\begin{aligned} x_{n+1}=\frac{x_{n-2}x_{n-3}}{-ax_{n}+bx_{n-3}}, \ n\ge 0, \end{aligned}\) x n + 1 = x n - 2 x n - 3 - a x n + b x n - 3 , n 0 , with positive arbitrary real parameters ab and arbitrary real initial conditions, as well as study the qualitative behaviors for each. For the first equation, we show that every admissible solution converges to a period-3 solution when \(a+b=1\) a + b = 1 . For the second equation, we show that every admissible solution converges to zero if \(b>2\) b > 2 when \(b^2\ge 4a\) b 2 4 a . When \(b^2<4a\) b 2 < 4 a , we show the existence of periodic solutions under certain conditions. We introduce the forbidden sets as well as provide some illustrative examples for the above-mentioned equations.