<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12188_2025_286_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="88" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0 &lt; a \le 1/2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and define the quadrilateral zeta function by <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12188_2025_286_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="417" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2Q(s,a):= \zeta (s,a) + \zeta (s,1-a) + \mathrm{{Li}}_s (e^{2\pi ia}) + \mathrm{{Li}}_s(e^{2\pi i(1-a)})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ζ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ζ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Li</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Li</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12188_2025_286_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\zeta (s,a)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ζ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the Hurwitz zeta function and <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12188_2025_286_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="66" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathrm{{Li}}_s (e^{2\pi ia})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Li</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the periodic zeta function. In the present paper, we show that there exists a unique real number <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12188_2025_286_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="90" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a_0 \in (0,1/2)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that all real zeros of <i>Q</i>(<i>s</i>,&#xa0;<i>a</i>) are simple and are located only at the negative even integers just like <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12188_2025_286_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="32" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\zeta (s)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ζ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if and only if <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12188_2025_286_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="96" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a_0 &lt; a \le 1/2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Moreover, we prove that <i>Q</i>(<i>s</i>,&#xa0;<i>a</i>) has infinitely many complex zeros in the region of absolute convergence and the critical strip when <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12188_2025_286_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="238" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a \in {\mathbb {Q}} \cap (0,1/2) \setminus \{1/6, 1/4, 1/3\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> <mo>∩</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo lspace="0.15em" rspace="0.15em" stretchy="false">\</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The Lerch formula, Hadamard product formula, Riemann-von Mangoldt formula for <i>Q</i>(<i>s</i>,&#xa0;<i>a</i>) are also shown.</p>

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On Lerch’s formula and zeros of the quadrilateral zeta function

  • Takashi Nakamura

摘要

Let \(0 < a \le 1/2\) 0 < a 1 / 2 and define the quadrilateral zeta function by \(2Q(s,a):= \zeta (s,a) + \zeta (s,1-a) + \mathrm{{Li}}_s (e^{2\pi ia}) + \mathrm{{Li}}_s(e^{2\pi i(1-a)})\) 2 Q ( s , a ) : = ζ ( s , a ) + ζ ( s , 1 - a ) + Li s ( e 2 π i a ) + Li s ( e 2 π i ( 1 - a ) ) , where \(\zeta (s,a)\) ζ ( s , a ) is the Hurwitz zeta function and \(\mathrm{{Li}}_s (e^{2\pi ia})\) Li s ( e 2 π i a ) is the periodic zeta function. In the present paper, we show that there exists a unique real number \(a_0 \in (0,1/2)\) a 0 ( 0 , 1 / 2 ) such that all real zeros of Q(sa) are simple and are located only at the negative even integers just like \(\zeta (s)\) ζ ( s ) if and only if \(a_0 < a \le 1/2\) a 0 < a 1 / 2 . Moreover, we prove that Q(sa) has infinitely many complex zeros in the region of absolute convergence and the critical strip when \(a \in {\mathbb {Q}} \cap (0,1/2) \setminus \{1/6, 1/4, 1/3\}\) a Q ( 0 , 1 / 2 ) \ { 1 / 6 , 1 / 4 , 1 / 3 } . The Lerch formula, Hadamard product formula, Riemann-von Mangoldt formula for Q(sa) are also shown.