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<p>International child wellbeing indicators increasingly emphasize multi-dimensional and developmental frameworks, yet monitoring in high-achievement societies often relies heavily on academic performance, potentially overlooking adolescents whose achievement coexists with psychological distress. Using seven waves of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2010 (<i>N</i> = 1,819), this study applied group-based multi-trajectory modeling (GBMTM) to four wellbeing domains—academic achievement, psychological adjustment, problem behavior, and activity involvement—and examined risk and protective factors across individual, family, peer, and community domains. Five trajectory groups were identified: High-achieving/Well-adjusted (14.2%), High-achieving/Distressed (21.8%), Moderate (25.2%), Low-achieving/Maladjusted (25.7%), and Disengaged/Problem-behavior (13.0%). Notably, the High-achieving/Distressed group (21.8%) combined sustained academic success with persistent psychological distress. Multinomial logistic regression revealed a differential association pattern: socioeconomic factors, particularly maternal education, predicted academic achievement regardless of psychological outcomes, whereas relational factors—parenting quality, peer attachment, and perceived neighborhood cohesion—distinguished psychologically healthy from distressed trajectories. Baseline versus wave-averaged model comparisons further showed that the cumulative quality of supportive parenting across adolescence, rather than initial conditions alone, differentiated high-achieving adolescents who developed with versus without psychological distress. The substantial prevalence of the High-achieving/Distressed trajectory—a pattern of ‘high achievement, hidden distress’—suggests that achievement-focused monitoring systems systematically miss a sizeable at-risk subpopulation. Though shared across the broader Confucian East Asian context, this pattern is particularly pronounced in South Korea, underscoring the value of multi-dimensional, person-centered approaches to child wellbeing indicators.</p>

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Multi-Dimensional Wellbeing Trajectories and Risk and Protective Factors Among South Korean Adolescents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Sa Hyun Kim,
  • So Jin Kim

摘要

International child wellbeing indicators increasingly emphasize multi-dimensional and developmental frameworks, yet monitoring in high-achievement societies often relies heavily on academic performance, potentially overlooking adolescents whose achievement coexists with psychological distress. Using seven waves of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2010 (N = 1,819), this study applied group-based multi-trajectory modeling (GBMTM) to four wellbeing domains—academic achievement, psychological adjustment, problem behavior, and activity involvement—and examined risk and protective factors across individual, family, peer, and community domains. Five trajectory groups were identified: High-achieving/Well-adjusted (14.2%), High-achieving/Distressed (21.8%), Moderate (25.2%), Low-achieving/Maladjusted (25.7%), and Disengaged/Problem-behavior (13.0%). Notably, the High-achieving/Distressed group (21.8%) combined sustained academic success with persistent psychological distress. Multinomial logistic regression revealed a differential association pattern: socioeconomic factors, particularly maternal education, predicted academic achievement regardless of psychological outcomes, whereas relational factors—parenting quality, peer attachment, and perceived neighborhood cohesion—distinguished psychologically healthy from distressed trajectories. Baseline versus wave-averaged model comparisons further showed that the cumulative quality of supportive parenting across adolescence, rather than initial conditions alone, differentiated high-achieving adolescents who developed with versus without psychological distress. The substantial prevalence of the High-achieving/Distressed trajectory—a pattern of ‘high achievement, hidden distress’—suggests that achievement-focused monitoring systems systematically miss a sizeable at-risk subpopulation. Though shared across the broader Confucian East Asian context, this pattern is particularly pronounced in South Korea, underscoring the value of multi-dimensional, person-centered approaches to child wellbeing indicators.