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<p>Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide, and the most prevalent pesticide used in agriculture for protecting fruits and vegetables. It was greatly used in food production in the European Union (EU) until 2020. The studies found that CPF forms a stable bond with the active site of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), effectively preventing the enzyme’s ability to break down acetylcholine. As a result, acetylcholine will accumulate in the synapse, revoking normal nerve signal transmission and leading to diverse toxic effects. CPF was banned in the EU in 2022. Unfortunately, this insecticide is still used in other parts of the world. Grapes and grape leaves are traditional foods in Jordan and many countries of the Middle East. In this study, residues of chlorpyrifos in grapes, grape leaves and soil were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrometer (HPLC-UV) with CH<sub>3</sub>CN: H<sub>2</sub>O (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase. According to our knowledge, chlorpyrifos residues have not been detected in these matrices in Jordan yet. Also, HPLC-UV is being used for the first time to detect CPF residues in these samples in Jordan and in the regions around Jordan. Samples of grapes, grape leaves, and soil sprayed with CPF at two different concentrations were collected from a farm located in Zarqa, Jordan. These samples were analyzed by HPLC-UV. In this study, 1,4-dibromonaphthalene was used as an internal standard, and the method was linear for the target compound over a&#xa0;range of 0.005–50&#xa0;ppm. The correlation coefficient, the recovery, the limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.9999, 99.06–101.99, 34.6&#xa0;ppb, and 105&#xa0;ppb, respectively.&#xa0;It was found that CPF residue levels depended on the type of sample and the washing effect. The concentration of CPF residues in grapes, grape leaves, and soil samples was found to decrease in the following order: grape leaves &gt; grapes &gt; soil. Also, the results show that the concentration of CPF residue in unwashed samples is higher than that in the washed samples. Furthermore, it was found that the pesticide concentration remains higher than the maximum residue limit even after the safe period as written on the can of the pesticide.</p>

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Monitoring of Chlorpyrifos Residues in Grape Leaves, Grapes, and Soil in Jordan by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultra Violet Detector

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Abdul-Wahab Omar El-Rjoob,
  • Mousa Saleh AlTarabeen,
  • Dareen Ayoub. Hmedat,
  • Yahya Ribhe Tahboub

摘要

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide, and the most prevalent pesticide used in agriculture for protecting fruits and vegetables. It was greatly used in food production in the European Union (EU) until 2020. The studies found that CPF forms a stable bond with the active site of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), effectively preventing the enzyme’s ability to break down acetylcholine. As a result, acetylcholine will accumulate in the synapse, revoking normal nerve signal transmission and leading to diverse toxic effects. CPF was banned in the EU in 2022. Unfortunately, this insecticide is still used in other parts of the world. Grapes and grape leaves are traditional foods in Jordan and many countries of the Middle East. In this study, residues of chlorpyrifos in grapes, grape leaves and soil were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrometer (HPLC-UV) with CH3CN: H2O (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase. According to our knowledge, chlorpyrifos residues have not been detected in these matrices in Jordan yet. Also, HPLC-UV is being used for the first time to detect CPF residues in these samples in Jordan and in the regions around Jordan. Samples of grapes, grape leaves, and soil sprayed with CPF at two different concentrations were collected from a farm located in Zarqa, Jordan. These samples were analyzed by HPLC-UV. In this study, 1,4-dibromonaphthalene was used as an internal standard, and the method was linear for the target compound over a range of 0.005–50 ppm. The correlation coefficient, the recovery, the limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.9999, 99.06–101.99, 34.6 ppb, and 105 ppb, respectively. It was found that CPF residue levels depended on the type of sample and the washing effect. The concentration of CPF residues in grapes, grape leaves, and soil samples was found to decrease in the following order: grape leaves > grapes > soil. Also, the results show that the concentration of CPF residue in unwashed samples is higher than that in the washed samples. Furthermore, it was found that the pesticide concentration remains higher than the maximum residue limit even after the safe period as written on the can of the pesticide.