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<p>Multielement determination of essential and potentially toxic elements in tea leaves requires efficient and sustainable sample preparation strategies. An ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) was developed for the determination of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in <i>Camellia sinensis</i> leaves. The NADES, composed of choline chloride, oxalic acid, and water (1:1:1 molar ratio), showed high extraction efficiency. Multivariate optimization established conditions of 40 min extraction, 80 °C, and 3 mL solvent. Method performance was evaluated with certified reference material, with recoveries of 73% to 107% and relative standard deviation &lt; 10%. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.019 to 9.70 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, depending on the element. Application to tea samples revealed concentration ranges (mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) of 0.021–0.130 (As), 0.024–0.523 (Cd), 6.67–18.03 (Cu), 50–714 (Fe), 56–3203 (Mn), 0.063–1.02 (Pb), and 17.2–62.6 (Zn). Estimated daily intake values (EDI, mg day<sup>−1</sup>) ranged from 0.03–0.19 (Cu), 0.01–2.71 (Fe), 0.21–33.5 (Mn), and 0.07–0.65 (Zn), underscoring the nutritional and toxicological relevance of the analyzed elements. In addition, self-organizing maps (SOM) were applied as an exploratory multivariate tool, enabling the identification of multielement patterns among tea types and highlighting the combined influence of environmental, botanical, and processing-related factors on elemental composition. The NADES-based method provided results comparable to the reference method and proved simple, efficient, safe, and low-cost, complying with Green Analytical Chemistry principles (AGREE, 0.68; AGREEprep, 0.58) as a sustainable alternative for multi-element analysis of complex food matrices.</p>

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Multielement Determination in Green, Black, and White Tea Leaves (Camellia sinensis) Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Helena B. Ferrari,
  • Luana S. Moreira,
  • Floriatan S. Costa,
  • Ema Karolyane B. Gireli,
  • Geisamanda P. Brandão,
  • Denise C. Endringer,
  • Maria Tereza W. D. Carneiro

摘要

Multielement determination of essential and potentially toxic elements in tea leaves requires efficient and sustainable sample preparation strategies. An ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) was developed for the determination of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in Camellia sinensis leaves. The NADES, composed of choline chloride, oxalic acid, and water (1:1:1 molar ratio), showed high extraction efficiency. Multivariate optimization established conditions of 40 min extraction, 80 °C, and 3 mL solvent. Method performance was evaluated with certified reference material, with recoveries of 73% to 107% and relative standard deviation < 10%. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.019 to 9.70 mg kg−1, depending on the element. Application to tea samples revealed concentration ranges (mg kg−1) of 0.021–0.130 (As), 0.024–0.523 (Cd), 6.67–18.03 (Cu), 50–714 (Fe), 56–3203 (Mn), 0.063–1.02 (Pb), and 17.2–62.6 (Zn). Estimated daily intake values (EDI, mg day−1) ranged from 0.03–0.19 (Cu), 0.01–2.71 (Fe), 0.21–33.5 (Mn), and 0.07–0.65 (Zn), underscoring the nutritional and toxicological relevance of the analyzed elements. In addition, self-organizing maps (SOM) were applied as an exploratory multivariate tool, enabling the identification of multielement patterns among tea types and highlighting the combined influence of environmental, botanical, and processing-related factors on elemental composition. The NADES-based method provided results comparable to the reference method and proved simple, efficient, safe, and low-cost, complying with Green Analytical Chemistry principles (AGREE, 0.68; AGREEprep, 0.58) as a sustainable alternative for multi-element analysis of complex food matrices.