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<p>The leaves of <i>Syzygium nervosum</i> DC., traditionally used across Southeast Asia, are widely available, low-cost, and rich in diverse bioactive constituents that confer notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and pharmacological properties, underscoring their potential for nutraceutical and therapeutic applications. This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from <i>Syzygium nervosum</i> DC. leaves using water as an environmentally friendly solvent. Water’s high polarity, non-toxicity, and low cost make it ideal for extracting polar phytochemicals. A Box–Behnken design within the response surface methodology framework was applied to evaluate extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity, considering extraction time (2–6&#xa0;min), ultrasonic power (20–40 W), and duty cycle (60–100%). The optimal conditions—4.775-min extraction time, 31.797 W power, and 79.363% duty cycle—produced a yield of 29.156%, with TPC and TFC values of 205.993&#xa0;mg GA/g and 82.295&#xa0;mg Q/g, respectively. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 65.236&#xa0;mg/L and showed antibacterial effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 200&#xa0;mg/L for <i>Escherichia coli</i> and 400&#xa0;mg/L for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Using water as a green solvent highlights the sustainability of the UAE process, demonstrating high efficiency in recovering phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This eco-friendly approach provides a safe alternative to organic solvents and confirms that systematic optimization of ultrasonic parameters can markedly enhance phytochemical recovery, supporting the development of natural antioxidant-rich formulations for biomedical applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Syzygium nervosum DC. Leaves Optimized by Box–Behnken Design

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Thi Ngoc Tran Tran,
  • Thi Huynh Nhu Ngo,
  • Quang Minh Tran,
  • Ngoc Ha–Thu Le

摘要

The leaves of Syzygium nervosum DC., traditionally used across Southeast Asia, are widely available, low-cost, and rich in diverse bioactive constituents that confer notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and pharmacological properties, underscoring their potential for nutraceutical and therapeutic applications. This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Syzygium nervosum DC. leaves using water as an environmentally friendly solvent. Water’s high polarity, non-toxicity, and low cost make it ideal for extracting polar phytochemicals. A Box–Behnken design within the response surface methodology framework was applied to evaluate extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity, considering extraction time (2–6 min), ultrasonic power (20–40 W), and duty cycle (60–100%). The optimal conditions—4.775-min extraction time, 31.797 W power, and 79.363% duty cycle—produced a yield of 29.156%, with TPC and TFC values of 205.993 mg GA/g and 82.295 mg Q/g, respectively. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 65.236 mg/L and showed antibacterial effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 200 mg/L for Escherichia coli and 400 mg/L for Staphylococcus aureus. Using water as a green solvent highlights the sustainability of the UAE process, demonstrating high efficiency in recovering phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This eco-friendly approach provides a safe alternative to organic solvents and confirms that systematic optimization of ultrasonic parameters can markedly enhance phytochemical recovery, supporting the development of natural antioxidant-rich formulations for biomedical applications.

Graphical Abstract