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<p>Lycopene, a lipophilic carotenoid, is widely recognized for its health-promoting bioactivities and broad industrial applications. Tomatoes are the richest source of lycopene, and their processing by-products are also abundant in this valuable pigment. This study proposes a green extraction approach for recovering lycopene from tomato peel by-products and is the first to evaluate acetophenone as a novel solvent for eco-friendly lycopene extraction. Intermittent irradiation microwave-assisted performance was applied to intensify lycopene extraction by acetophenone. In comparison with conventional lycopene extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) exhibited a higher extraction yield (95.37%) and a reduced extraction time (10&#xa0;min). The single-factor test was employed to determine the optimal conditions for the lycopene extraction process using the acetophenone-MAE method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was then applied to optimize the extraction process. A four-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) evaluated the impact of solid-liquid ratio (2–2.5%, w/v), microwave power (300–600 W), extraction time (15–25&#xa0;min), and On/Off pulsed ratio (30–50&#xa0;s). Extraction yield was significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) influenced by microwave irradiation. The yield increased to 99.04% with a moderate extension of the extraction time to 20&#xa0;min and a significant reduction in microwave power and duty cycle to minimum values. The novelty of this work lies in the simultaneous study of the use of acetophenone and the effect and interdependencies of MAE parameters to improve lycopene extraction efficiency. The results of this research provide into the development of innovative and environmentally sustainable methods for lycopene extraction, with potential applications in various industrial sectors.</p>

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Green Approach for Lycopene Extraction from Tomato Industrial Processing By-products Using Acetophenone as a Solvent: Optimization and Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Hajar El Basett,
  • Hassan Hajjaj

摘要

Lycopene, a lipophilic carotenoid, is widely recognized for its health-promoting bioactivities and broad industrial applications. Tomatoes are the richest source of lycopene, and their processing by-products are also abundant in this valuable pigment. This study proposes a green extraction approach for recovering lycopene from tomato peel by-products and is the first to evaluate acetophenone as a novel solvent for eco-friendly lycopene extraction. Intermittent irradiation microwave-assisted performance was applied to intensify lycopene extraction by acetophenone. In comparison with conventional lycopene extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) exhibited a higher extraction yield (95.37%) and a reduced extraction time (10 min). The single-factor test was employed to determine the optimal conditions for the lycopene extraction process using the acetophenone-MAE method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was then applied to optimize the extraction process. A four-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) evaluated the impact of solid-liquid ratio (2–2.5%, w/v), microwave power (300–600 W), extraction time (15–25 min), and On/Off pulsed ratio (30–50 s). Extraction yield was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by microwave irradiation. The yield increased to 99.04% with a moderate extension of the extraction time to 20 min and a significant reduction in microwave power and duty cycle to minimum values. The novelty of this work lies in the simultaneous study of the use of acetophenone and the effect and interdependencies of MAE parameters to improve lycopene extraction efficiency. The results of this research provide into the development of innovative and environmentally sustainable methods for lycopene extraction, with potential applications in various industrial sectors.