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<p>The increasing demand for dairy products and the growing attention of health organizations have highlighted the need for reliable techniques to detect chemical contaminants in milk. Vibrational spectroscopy has emerged as an effective analytical approach for identifying and quantifying a wide range of residues in dairy matrices. This review focuses on the application of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy as non-invasive, rapid, and accurate methods for detecting residual antibiotics in bovine milk. Particular emphasis is placed on the detection of Tetracycline and β-lactam antibiotics, which are among the most widely used drug classes in livestock production. A comprehensive evaluation of recent studies demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy offers superior sensitivity for Tetracycline detection, while FTIR, especially MIR (FT-MIR), consistently provides higher correlation coefficients than NIR (FT-NIR) in antibiotic quantification. These findings underscore the strong potential of vibrational spectroscopy for routine monitoring of milk quality. Furthermore, advancements in Artificial Intelligence and machine-learning-based modeling are expected to significantly enhance the accuracy, robustness, and industrial applicability of these optical methods. Overall, the combined use of Raman, MIR, and NIR spectroscopy, supported by intelligent data-driven algorithms, represents a promising pathway toward reliable antibiotic residue detection and improved food safety in the dairy supply chain.</p>

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Applications of Raman and FTIR Spectroscopy in Monitoring Antibiotic Residues in Bovine Milk: A Critical Overview

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Behnam Talari,
  • Kimia Masoudifar,
  • Shahab Norouzian Alam

摘要

The increasing demand for dairy products and the growing attention of health organizations have highlighted the need for reliable techniques to detect chemical contaminants in milk. Vibrational spectroscopy has emerged as an effective analytical approach for identifying and quantifying a wide range of residues in dairy matrices. This review focuses on the application of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy as non-invasive, rapid, and accurate methods for detecting residual antibiotics in bovine milk. Particular emphasis is placed on the detection of Tetracycline and β-lactam antibiotics, which are among the most widely used drug classes in livestock production. A comprehensive evaluation of recent studies demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy offers superior sensitivity for Tetracycline detection, while FTIR, especially MIR (FT-MIR), consistently provides higher correlation coefficients than NIR (FT-NIR) in antibiotic quantification. These findings underscore the strong potential of vibrational spectroscopy for routine monitoring of milk quality. Furthermore, advancements in Artificial Intelligence and machine-learning-based modeling are expected to significantly enhance the accuracy, robustness, and industrial applicability of these optical methods. Overall, the combined use of Raman, MIR, and NIR spectroscopy, supported by intelligent data-driven algorithms, represents a promising pathway toward reliable antibiotic residue detection and improved food safety in the dairy supply chain.