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<p>Sudan dyes, a class of azo dyes, are genotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. However, they are still used illegally to color food products and spices due to their color fastness. In this study, multi-functionalized magnetic silica nanoparticles (C<sub>18</sub>/DVB/NVP(4:1)-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub> MNPs) were synthesized, and solid–liquid extraction (SLE) coupled with magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) was employed for the extraction and preconcentration of five Sudan dyes (Sudan I − IV, Sudan Red 7B), followed by high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet spectroscopy (HPLC–UV) for their detection in powdered chili pepper samples. The SLE conditions for the analytes in powdered chili pepper samples were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the extraction recovery ranged between 78.0% and 106.9%. We investigated and optimized the potential factors that may affect the efficiency of MSPE. Under these optimal conditions, calibration curves showed good linearity (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.9989) across the tested concentration range of 0.98 to 125&#xa0;µg/g. The limits of detection for the five Sudan dyes were in the range of 0.06–0.26&#xa0;µg/g. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy ranged from 93.5% to 106.3% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of not more than 9.1%. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze ten different commercial brands of powdered chili pepper samples purchased from markets in Wuhan, confirming its feasibility for routine analysis of illegal Sudan dyes in these samples.</p>

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Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of Five Sudan Dyes from Powdered Chili Pepper Samples Using C18/DVB/NVP-Multifunctional Core–Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles Followed by HPLC–UV Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Aisha Hussain,
  • Jiapeng Wu,
  • Jiaxi Wen,
  • Chaomei Xiong

摘要

Sudan dyes, a class of azo dyes, are genotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. However, they are still used illegally to color food products and spices due to their color fastness. In this study, multi-functionalized magnetic silica nanoparticles (C18/DVB/NVP(4:1)-Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs) were synthesized, and solid–liquid extraction (SLE) coupled with magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) was employed for the extraction and preconcentration of five Sudan dyes (Sudan I − IV, Sudan Red 7B), followed by high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet spectroscopy (HPLC–UV) for their detection in powdered chili pepper samples. The SLE conditions for the analytes in powdered chili pepper samples were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the extraction recovery ranged between 78.0% and 106.9%. We investigated and optimized the potential factors that may affect the efficiency of MSPE. Under these optimal conditions, calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9989) across the tested concentration range of 0.98 to 125 µg/g. The limits of detection for the five Sudan dyes were in the range of 0.06–0.26 µg/g. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy ranged from 93.5% to 106.3% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of not more than 9.1%. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze ten different commercial brands of powdered chili pepper samples purchased from markets in Wuhan, confirming its feasibility for routine analysis of illegal Sudan dyes in these samples.