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<p>Determination of progesterone in livestock and milk samples in a simple and minimally invasive way can be a challenging task in animal breeding systems; thus, a voltametric screen-printed electrode (SPE) enhanced with manganese oxide nanoparticles anchored on oxide graphene derivatives (GO/MnO<sub>2</sub>), denominated SPE/GO/MnO<sub>2</sub>, was successfully optimized for the indirect determination of progesterone by derivatization with hydrochloric phenylhydrazine and then directly tested in livestock and milk samples. Manganese oxide nanoparticles were obtained by a direct single synthesis through the Hummers’ reaction modified. Nanocomposites were characterized by HR-TEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The combination of MnO<sub>2</sub> and GO nanosheet resulted in a highly sensitive material with superior electrochemical activity regarding the indirect oxidation of P4 when compared to clean disposable (SPE) sensors, and previous works concerning the determination of P4. The GO/MnO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite promoted an outstanding increase towards peak signal for P4, while also exhibiting an excellent linear range for P4 (0.05–3.0&#xa0;µmol L<sup>−1</sup>) and a detection limit (LOD) of 0.001&#xa0;µmol L<sup>−1</sup>. The modified sensor also demonstrated a good recovery rate for P4 in cattle serum samples and pasteurized cow’s milk samples, which ranged from 98 to 104%. Interference studies demonstrated that the variation among peak current (Δip) of all possible interferents evaluated in this work did not exceed ± 3%. The newly developed sensor not only stands out for its distinguished sensitivity but also for its rapid and simple way to be produced, providing a direct, practical approach for determining P4 in livestock specimens.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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On-Site Indirect Determination of Progesterone in Cattle and Pasteurized Milk Samples Using Disposable Printed Electrodes Improved with Manganese Oxide and Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Claudio S. Capella Lopes,
  • Francisco W. Lima Silva,
  • Julia O. Fernandes,
  • Daniel Y. Tiba,
  • André L. Mazzei Albert,
  • Felipe Z. Brandão,
  • Ricardo E. Santelli,
  • Thiago C. Canevari,
  • Fernando H. Cincotto

摘要

Determination of progesterone in livestock and milk samples in a simple and minimally invasive way can be a challenging task in animal breeding systems; thus, a voltametric screen-printed electrode (SPE) enhanced with manganese oxide nanoparticles anchored on oxide graphene derivatives (GO/MnO2), denominated SPE/GO/MnO2, was successfully optimized for the indirect determination of progesterone by derivatization with hydrochloric phenylhydrazine and then directly tested in livestock and milk samples. Manganese oxide nanoparticles were obtained by a direct single synthesis through the Hummers’ reaction modified. Nanocomposites were characterized by HR-TEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The combination of MnO2 and GO nanosheet resulted in a highly sensitive material with superior electrochemical activity regarding the indirect oxidation of P4 when compared to clean disposable (SPE) sensors, and previous works concerning the determination of P4. The GO/MnO2 nanocomposite promoted an outstanding increase towards peak signal for P4, while also exhibiting an excellent linear range for P4 (0.05–3.0 µmol L−1) and a detection limit (LOD) of 0.001 µmol L−1. The modified sensor also demonstrated a good recovery rate for P4 in cattle serum samples and pasteurized cow’s milk samples, which ranged from 98 to 104%. Interference studies demonstrated that the variation among peak current (Δip) of all possible interferents evaluated in this work did not exceed ± 3%. The newly developed sensor not only stands out for its distinguished sensitivity but also for its rapid and simple way to be produced, providing a direct, practical approach for determining P4 in livestock specimens.

Graphical Abstract